How to Handle When Children Struggle with Starting the Ketogenic Diet
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Epilepsy News From: Monday, March 20, 2017
As any parent could tell you, initiating a child onto the ketogenic diet is not an easy task to undertake. Children are typically admitted for 3 or 4 days, sometimes starting with a fasting period, and their bodies change from burning carbohydrates to only fat.
For parents too, it can be a very stressful time being away from home in a hospital bed (or cot), worrying about their child, and hoping the diet is going to help stop seizures. It can be especially discouraging for a parent to watch their child experience vomiting or nausea, weakness or low blood sugar, or any other side effects during this period of diet initiation.
At Johns Hopkins we often see situations where a child has side effects during the first days of ketogenic diet initiation, and sometimes a child even initially refuses to eat the high fat foods, but then goes on to have great results in reducing seizures later. Based on these anecdotal observations, in the past we often counseled parents to “hang in there.”
However, we wanted to examine real data to see if our hunch was right. We also wanted to see what the most common side effects were, how we handled them, and if any factors, such as age or fasting, influenced their occurrence. To do this, Dr. Kossoff and I undertook a chart review of 158 consecutive children admitted to Johns Hopkins for ketogenic diet initiation from 2011 to 2016. This was my summer research project for 2016.
What did we find?
- Almost half of all children experience some form of gastrointestinal issues (nausea, vomiting, constipation) during diet initiation. Other common side effects were food refusal, low blood sugar, and lethargy, which occurred in about a quarter of patients.
- Most side effects were easily treated with juice, changing the types of foods, nausea medication, or just reassurance and did not lead to having to stop the diet.
- Younger age (3.6 vs. 4.9 years on average) was associated with more moderate-severe side effects during diet initiation.
- The 24-hour pre-diet fast (which we generally use at Hopkins to accelerate the time to see seizure reduction) was associated with higher rates of low blood sugar and lethargy during diet initiation (but not more vomiting or severe problems). This has been seen before by Dr. Bergqvist from Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and confirms her results. Younger children were also more likely to experience repeated low blood sugars during the admission if they were fasted than older children.
- Shortening the diet initiation period from 3 to 2 days (which we did in the summer of 2014 to help families return home more quickly) also did not have any negative impact on longer-term seizure outcomes.
- Most importantly, having more severe side effects during diet initiation did not have any negative consequences for seizure outcomes later on.
So it turns out that the “hang in there” approach does have merit. Having side effects or diet intolerance during the period of initiation doesn’t mean that the diet won’t ultimately help. (It often does!)
Since younger children seem to struggle more with diet initiation, it may also be prudent to monitor their blood sugar and energy levels more closely so medical providers can intervene if needed – again with the caveat that having more side effects doesn’t preclude a successful outcome.
As a result of this study, the Johns Hopkins team have also decided that fasting infants and children under age 2 years to help the diet work more quickly is not worth the risk of more frequent hypoglycemia or other side effects, and we have stopped that practice.
References
Lin A, Turner Z, Doerrer SC, Stanfield A, Kossoff EH. Complications During Ketogenic Diet Initiation: Prevalence, Treatment, and Influence on Seizure Outcomes. Pediatric Neurology, 2017 Jan 16. pii: S0887-8994(16)31024-4. doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2017.01.007. [Epub ahead of print]
Bergqvist AG, Schall JI, Gallagher PR, Cnaan A, Stallings VA. Fasting versus gradual initiation of the ketogenic diet: a prospective, randomized clinical trial of efficacy. Epilepsia 2005;46:1810-1819.
The author is Abigail Lin, a second year medical student at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.
Authored by
Abigail Lin
Reviewed by
Eric Kossoff MD
Reviewed Date
Monday, March 20, 2017