How Seizure Medicines Work
Choosing an anti-seizure medication
In this video, Dr. Gidal talks about how anti-seizure medications work and how to choose the best one for you.
How Well Do Seizure Medicines Work?
Medicines can control seizures in about 7 out of 10 people. However, a person’s response to medicine may vary. Research has shown that when people first start on seizure medicine, only 47% became seizure free with the first medicine. When a second drug was tried, another 14% of people became seizure free. When more than two drugs were tried the response to medicines decreased markedly. This study, along with other research, stresses the need for people to seek help for their seizures early. If medicines aren’t working, it’s important to see a doctor who specializes in epilepsy.
There are many different medicines for seizures and many of these can help - when they are given for the right type of seizures, at the right dose, and to the right person.
How Do Seizure Medicines Work?
Seizure medicines do not cure the underlying cause of seizures. Instead, they help prevent or reduce seizures by affecting how brain cells communicate. Seizure medicines may work in different ways, including:
- Slowing or blocking the electrical signals in the brain that can trigger seizures.
- Increasing the effects of GABA which helps calm brain activity.
- Reducing signals involving calcium or glutamate, which can help limit overactive communication between brain cells.
- Working through multiple mechanisms to reduce brain activity.
- Changing how the brain uses energy, as with the ketogenic diet and related therapies, which may help reduce seizures.
Some anti-seizure medications help prevent seizures in more than one way. By targeting different processes in the brain, these medications may provide broader seizure control.
What Are the Goals of Medication Treatment?
The goal of treatment with medicines should be no seizures and no side effects. In reality though, it’s hard for many people to get complete control.
- Some people have too many medicine side effects.
- Sometimes the side effects don’t bother people or are worth the benefits of not having seizures.
- Other times, the side effects are very bothersome or cause other health problems.
- In other people, seizure medicines may help, but don’t make a person seizure free. Whether or not this is ‘good enough’ will depend on the type of seizures, other neurological problems, the way the person responds to the medicine, or side effects, for example.
- If the first drug helps some, but not enough, usually a second drug will be added. Ideally, a person can be kept on one drug but some people may need two or more medicines to get the best seizure control they can.
How do I reach these goals?
While these goals cannot be achieved in everyone, improve your chances by following these steps:
- Be open and honest with your healthcare team about your seizures and how they affect your life.
- Be open and honest with your healthcare team about side effects and how they affect your health and daily life.
- Try to take your seizure medication exactly as prescribed. Do not stop taking it or change your dose unless your healthcare provider tells you to. If you have trouble remembering to take your medication, let your doctor or nurse know. Also, tell your healthcare provider if you start or stop any prescription medicines, over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, or supplements, as they may affect how your seizure medication works.
- Sometimes it’s hard to talk with your doctor or other health care professionals. You may not have time during visits or are not satisfied with your care. If this happens, talk to the doctor or health care professional about how you feel. Share your concerns and ask questions.
- If you can’t talk openly with your team, or you aren’t working towards the same goals, it may be time to get a second opinion.
When Starting a New Medicine, What Questions Should I Ask?
When you are trying a new medicine, consider these questions.
- How does this medicine work and is it different than the seizure medicines that you have tried before?
- How helpful has the drug been in research studies? What is the likelihood that your seizures will get better? For example, what is the chance of being seizure free? What is the chance of having your seizures cut in half or decrease by at least 50%?
- Does the way the seizure medicine works mean that it may work better when given with some medicines than with others?
- What are the side effects of the new medicine and what can you expect when it is added to your current medicines?
- Does the new medicine interact with other medicines you may take for other conditions?
- What should I do if I miss a dose?
- What is known about the use of the medicine during pregnancy or while breastfeeding?
Learn More:
Find Your Local Epilepsy FoundationResources
Epilepsy Centers
Epilepsy centers provide you with a team of specialists to help you diagnose your epilepsy and explore treatment options.
Epilepsy Medication
Find in-depth information on anti-seizure medications so you know what to ask your doctor.
Epilepsy and Seizures Helpline
Call our Epilepsy and Seizures Helpline and talk with an epilepsy information specialist or submit a question online.
Tools & Resources
Get information, tips, and more to help you manage your epilepsy.
