1. Laidlaw J. Catamenial epilepsy. Lancet. 1956;271:1235-1237.
2. Herzog AG, Herzog AG, Klein P, Ransil BJ. Three patterns of catamenial epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1997: 38:1082-1088. PMID: 9579954
3. Newark NE, Penry JK. Catamenial epilepsy: a review. Epilepsia. 1980;21:281-300.
4. Jones GS. The luteal phase defect. Fertil Steril. 1976;27:351-356.
5. Smith SS. Estrogen administration increases neuronal responses to excitatory amino acids as a long term effect. Br Res. 1989;503:354-357.
6. Logothetis J, Harner R, Morrell F, et al. The role of estrogens in catamenial exacerbation of epilepsy. Neurology. 1959;9:352-360.
7. Majewska MD, Harrison NL, Schwartz RD, et al. Steroid hormone metabolites are barbiturate-like modulators of the GABA receptor. Science. 1986;232:1004-1007.
8. Paul SM, Purdy RH. Neuroactive steroids. FASEB. 1992;6:2311-2322.
9. Backstrom T, Zetterlund B, Blom S, et al. Effects of intravenous progesterone infusions on the epileptic discharge frequency in women with partial epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand. 1984;69:240-248.
10. Backstrom T. Epileptic seizures in women related to plasma estrogen and progesterone during the menstrual cycle. Acta Neurol Scand. 1976;54:321-347.
11. Shavitt G, Lerman P, Korczyn AD, et al. Phenytoin pharmacokinetics in catamenial epilepsy. Neurology. 1984;34:959-961.
12. Roscizewska D, Buntner B, Guz I, et al. Ovarian hormones, anticonvulsant drugs and seizures during the menstrual cycle in women with epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1986;49:47-51.
13. Herzog AG, Herzog AG, Klein P, Ransil BJ. Three patterns of catamenial epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1997: 38:1082-1088. PMID: 9579954
14. Laidlaw J. Catamenial epilepsy. Lancet. 1956;271:1235-1237.
15. Backstrom T. Epileptic seizures in women related to plasma estrogen and progesterone during the menstrual cycle. Acta Neurol Scand. 1976;54:321-347.
16. Mattson RH, Cramer JA, Caldwell BV, et al. Treatment of seizures with medroxyprogesterone acetate: preliminary report. Neurology. 1984;34:1255-1258.
17. Dana Haeri J, Richens A. Effect of norethisterone on seizures associated with menstruation. Epilepsia. 1983;24:377-381.
18. Herzog AG. Progesterone therapy in women with complex partial and secondary generalized seizures. Neurology. 1995;45:1660-1662.
19. Majewska MD, Harrison NL, Schwartz RD, et al. Steroid hormone metabolites are barbiturate-like modulators of the GABA receptor. Science. 1986;232:1004-1007.
20.7. Paul SM, Purdy RH. Neuroactive steroids. FASEB. 1992;6:2311-2322.
21. Lennox WG, Cobb S. Epilepsy. Medicine 1928;27:105-290.
22. Beaussart M, Faou R. Evolution of epilepsy with Rolandic (centrotemporal) paroxysmal foci. Epilepsia. 1978;19:337-342.
23. Panayiotopoulos CP. Benign childhood epilepsy with occipital paroxysms: a 15 year prospective study. Ann Neurol. 1989;26:51-56.
24. Logothetis J, Harner R, Morrell F, et al. The role of estrogens in catamenial exacerbation of epilepsy. Neurology. 1959;9:352-360.
25. Longo LPS, Saldana LEG. Hormones and their influences in epilepsy. Acta Neurol Latinoam. 1966;12:29-47.
26. Rosciszewska D. The course of epilepsy at the age of puberty in girls. Neurol Neurochir Pol. 1975;9:597-602.
27. Woolley DE, Timiras PS. The gonad-brain relationship: effects of female sex hormones on electroshock convulsions in the rat. Endocrinology. 1962;70:196-209.
28. Diamontopoulos N, Crumrine PK. The effect of puberty on the course of epilepsy. Arch Neurol. 1986;43:873-876.
29. Yerby MS. Quality of life, epilepsy advances, and the evolving role of anticonvulsants in women with epilepsy. Neurology. 2000;55(5 suppl 1):S21-S31.
30. Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Practice parameter: management issues for women with epilepsy (summary statement). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 1998;51:944-948.
31. Sabers A, Ohman I, Christensen J, Tomson T. Oral contraceptives reduce lamotrigine plasma levels. Neurology. 2003;61:570-571.
32. Morrell MJ, Sperling MR, Stecker M, Dichter MA. Sexual dysfunction in partial epilepsy: a deficit in physiologic sexual arousal. Neurology. 1994;44:243-247.
33. Schupf N, Ottman R. Likelihood of pregnancy in individuals with idiopathic/cryptogenic epilepsy: social and biologic influences. Epilepsia. 1994;35:750-756.
34. Herzog AG, Seibel MM, Schomer DL, Vaitukaitis JL, Geschwind N. Reproductive endocrine disorders in women with partial seizures of temporal lobe origin. Arch Neurol. 1986;43:341-346.
35. Kaaja E, Kaaja R, Matila R, Hiilesmaa V. Enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs in pregnancy and the risk of bleeding in the neonate. Neurology. 2002;58:549-553.
36. International League Against Epilepsy. Guidelines for the care of women of childbearing age with epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1993;34:588-589.
37. Tomson T; Lindbom U; Ekqvist B; Sundqvist A. Epilepsy and pregnancy: a prospective study of seizure control in relation to free and total plasma concentrations of carbamazepine and phenytoin. Epilepsia 1994:35(1):122-30.
38. Zahn CA, Morrell MJ, Collins SD, Labiner DM, Yerby MS. Management issues for women with epilepsy: a review of the literature. Neurology. 1998;51:949-956.
39. Tran TA, Leppik IE, Blesi K, Sathanandan ST, Remmel R. Lamotrigine clearance during pregnancy. Neurology. 2002;59:251-255.
40. Kaneko S, Battino D, Andermann E, et al. Congenital malformations due to antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsy Res. 1999;33(2-3):145-158.
41. Bruno MK, Harden CL. Epilepsy in pregnant women. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2002;4(1): 31-40.
42. Holmes LB, Harvey BA, Coull BA, et al. The teratogenicity of anticonvulsant drugs. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1132-1138.
43. Hernandez-Diaz S; Werler MM; Walker AM; Mitchell AA. Folic acid antagonists during pregnancy and the risk of birth defects. N Engl J Med 2000;43(22):608-14
44. Tennis P, Eldridge RR; International Lamotrigine Pregnancy Registry Scientific Advisory Committee. Preliminary results on pregnancy outcomes in women using lamotrigine. Epilepsia. 2002;43:1161-1167.
45. Montouris G. Gabapentin exposure in human pregnancy: results from the Gabapentin Pregnancy Registry. Epilepsy Behav. 2003;4:310-317.
46. Bruno MK, Harden CL. Epilepsy: important differences in treating women. Pract Neurol. 2002:1:35-43.
47. Meador KJ Cognitive outcomes and predictive factors in epilepsy. Neurology 2002;58(8 Suppl 5):S21-6.
48. Gaily E, Kantola-Sorsa E, Hiilesmaa V, et al. Normal intelligence in children with prenatal exposure to carbamazepine. Neurology 2004;62:28-32.
49. Rosciszewska D. Menopause in women and its effects on epilepsy. Neurol Neurochir Pol 1978;12 (3):315-319.
50. Abbasi F, Krumholz A, Kittner SJ, Langenberg P. Effects of menopause on seizures in women in epilepsy. Epilepsia 1999;40(2):205-210.
51. Harden CL, Pulver MC, Jacobs AR. The effect of menopause and perimenopause on the course of epilepsy. Epilepsia 1999:40(10):1402-1407.
52. Herzog AG, Klein P, Ransil BJ. Three patterns of catamenial epilepsy. Epilepsia 1997;38:1082-1088.
53. Santoro N, Brown JR, Adel T, Skurnick JH. Characterization of reproductive hormonal dynamics in the perimenopause. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81(4):1495-501.
54. Carr BR. Disorders of the ovary and female reproductive tract. In: Wilson JD, Foster DW, eds. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1992.
55. Felson DT, Zhang Y, Hanna MT, Kiel DP, Wilson PW, Anderson JJ. The effect of postmenopausal estrogen therapy on bone density of elderly women. N Engl J Med 1993;329:1141-1146.
56. Wood AJ. Hormonal treatment of postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 1994;330:1062-1071.
57. Mayeaux EJ, Johnson C. Current concepts in postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy. J Fam Pract 1996;43:69-75.
58. Lafferty FW, Fiske ME. Postmenopausal estrogen replacement: A long-term cohort study. Am J Med 1994;97(1):66-77.
59. The Writing Group for the PEPI Trial. Effects of estrogen or estrogen/progestin regimens on heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women. The Postmenopausal estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Trial. JAMA 1995;273:199-208.
60. The Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: Principal results of the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;288:321-333.
61. Klein P, Serje A, Pezzullo JC. Premature ovarian failure in women with epilepsy. Epilepsia 2001;42(12):1584-1589.
62. Harden CL, Koppel BS, Herzog AG, Nikolov BG, Hauser WA. Seizure frequency is associated with age of menopause in women with epilepsy. Neurology 2003;61(4):451-455.
63. Herzog AG, Seibel MM, Schomer DL, et al. Reproductive endocrine disorders in women with partial seizures of temporal lobe origin. Arch Neurol. 1986;43:341-346.
64. Dansky LV, Andermann E, Andermann F. Marriage and fertility in epileptic patients. Epilepsia.1980;21:261-271.
65. Cummings LN, Giudice L, Morrell MJ. Ovulatory function in epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1995;36:353-357.
66. Morrell MJ, Giudice L, Flynn KL, Seale CG, et al. Predictors of ovulatory failure in women with epilepsy. Ann Neurol 2002;52:704-711.
67. Morrell MJ, Guldner G. Self-reported sexual function in women with epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1994;35(S8):108.
68. King JC, Anthony ELP, Fitzgerald DM, et al. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neurons in human preoptic/hypothalamus: differential intraneuronal localization of immunoreactive forms. J Clin Endocrinol Lab. 1985;60:88-97.
69. Carr BR. Disorders of the ovary and female reproductive tract. In: Wilson JD, Foster DW, eds. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders; 1992.
70. Drislane FW, Coleman AE, Schomer DL, et al. Altered pulsatile secretion of luteinizing hormone in women with epilepsy. Neurology. 1994;44:306-310.
71. Maeda K, Tsukamura H, Okhura S, et al. The LHRH pulse generator: a mediobasal hypothalamic location. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1995;19:427-437.
72. Canteras NS, Simerly RB, Swanson LW. Organization of projections from the medial nucleus of the amygdala: a PHAL study in the rat. J Comp Neurol. 1995;360:213-245.
73. Reynaud LP. Influence of amygdala on the activity of identified neurons in the rat hypothalamus. J Physiol. 1976;260:237-252.
74. Zolovnick AJ. Effects of lesions and electrical stimulation of the amygdala on hypothalamic-hypophyseal regulation. In: Eleftheriou BE, ed. The Neurobiology of the Amygdala. New York: Plenum Press; 1972:745-762.
75. Bilo L, Meo R, Valentino R, et al. Abnormal patterns of luteinizing hormone pulsatility in women with epilepsy. Fertil Steril. 1991;55:705-711.
76. Herzog AG. A relationship between particular reproductive endocrine disorders and the laterality of epileptiform discharges in women with epilepsy. Neurology. 1993;43:1907-1910.
77. Taylor DC. Sexual behavior and temporal lobe epilepsy. Arch Neurol. 1969;21:510-516.
78. Hierons R, Saunders M. Impotence in patients with temporal lobe lesions. Lancet. 1966;2:761-764.
79. Herzog AG, Seibel MM, Schomer DL, et al. Reproductive endocrine disorders in men with partial seizures of temporal lobe origin. Arch Neurol. 1986;43:347-350.
80. Blumer D. Changes of sexual behavior related to temporal lobe disorders in man. J Sex Res. 1970;6:173-180.
81. Dansky LV, Andermann E, Andermann F. Marriage and fertility in epileptic patients. Epilepsia.1980;21:261-271.
82. Simerly RB, Chang C, Muramatsu M, et al. Distribution of androgen and estrogen receptor mRNA-containing cells in the rat brain: an in situ hybridization study. J Comp Neurol. 1990;294:76-95.
83. Herzog AG, Drislane FW, Schomer DL, et al. Abnormal pulsatile secretion of luteinizing hormone in men with epilepsy: relationship to laterality and nature of paroxysmal discharges. Neurology 1990;40:1557-1561.
84. Bauer J, Blumenthal S, Reuber M, Stoffel-Wagner B. Epilepsy syndrome, focus location, and treatment choice affect testicular function in men with epilepsy. Neurology 2004;62:243-246.
85. Bear DM, Fedio P. Quantitative analysis of interictal behavior in temporal lobe epilepsy. Arch Neurol 1977;34:454-467.
86. Molaie M, Culebras A, Miller M. Nocturnal plasma prolactin and cortisol levels in epileptics with complex partial seizures and primary generalized seizures. Arch Neurol. 1987;44:699-702.
87. Carter J, Tyson J, Tolis G. Prolactin-secreting tumors and hypogonadism in 22 men. N Engl J Med 1978;299:847-852
88. Isojarvi JI,. Lofgren E, Juntunen KST, Pakarinen AJ, Paivansalo M, Raurokorpi I, Tuomivaara L. Effect of epilepsy and antiepileptic drugs on male reproductive health. Neurology 2004;62:247-253.
89. Bauer J, Stoffel-Wagner B, et al. Serum androgens return to normal after temporal lobe epilepsy surgery in men. Neurology 2000;55(6):820-824.
90. Wyllie E, Luders H, Macmillan JP, et al. Serum prolactin levels after epileptic seizures. Neurology. 1984;34:1601-1604.
91. Abbott RJ, Browning MC, Davidson DL. Serum prolactin and cortisol concentrations after grand mal seizures. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1980;43:163-167.
92. Oribe E, Amini R, Nissenbaum E, Boal B. Serum prolactin concentrations are elevated after syncope. Neurology 1996;47:60-62.
93. Abbott RJ, Browning MC, Davidson DL. Serum prolactin and cortisol concentrations after grand mal seizures. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1980;43:163-167.
94. Aminoff MJ, Simon R, Wiedemann E. The hormonal responses to generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Brain. 1984;107:569-578.
95. Dana-Haeri J, Trimble MR, Oxley J. Prolactin and gonadotrophin changes following generalized and partial seizures. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1983;46:331-335.
96. Pritchard PB, Wannamaker BB, Sagel J, et al. Endocrine function following complex partial seizures. Ann Neurol. 1983;14:27-32.
97. Bazil, CW, Short D, Crispin D, Zheng W. Patients with intractable epilepsy have low melatonin, which increases following seizures. Neurology 2000;55(11):1746-1748.
98. Gallagher BB, Murvin A, Flanigin HF, et al. Pituitary and adrenal function in epileptic patients. Epilepsia. 1984;25:683-689.
99. Molaie M, Culebras A, Miller M. Nocturnal plasma prolactin and cortisol levels in epileptics with complex partial seizures and primary generalized seizures. Arch Neurol. 1987;44:699-702.
100. Mandell AJ, Chapman LF, Rand RW, et al. Plasma corticosteroids: changes in concentration after stimulation of hippocampus and amygdala. Science. 1963;139:1212.
101. Dunn JD, Whitener J. Plasma corticosterone responses to electrical stimulation of the amygdaloid complex: cytoarchitectural specificity. Neuroendocrinology. 1986;42:211-217.
102. Gray TS, Carney ME, Magnusson DJ. Direct projections from the central amygdaloid nucleus to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: possible role in stress-induced adrenocorticotropin release. Neuroendocrinology. 1989;50:433-446.
103. Herzog AG, Sotrel A, Ronthal M. Reversible proximal myopathy in epilepsy-related Cushing's syndrome. Ann Neurol. 1995;38:306-307.
104. Woodbury DM. Effect of adrenocortical steroids and adrenocorticotropic hormone on electroshock seizure threshold. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1952;105:27-36.
105. Baram TZ, Hirsch E, Snead CO, et al. Corticotropin-releasing hormone-induced seizures in infant rats originate in the amygdala. Ann Neurol. 1992;31:488-494.
106. Woolley CS, Gould E, McEwen BS. Exposure to excess glucocorticoids alters dendritic morphology of adult hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Brain Res. 1990;531:225-231.
107. Toone BK, Wheeler M, Nanjee M, et al. Sex hormones, sexual activity and plasma anticonvulsant levels in male epileptics. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1983;46:824-826.
108.Isojarvi JIT, Pakarinen AJ, Ylipalosaari PJ, et al. Serum hormones in male epileptic patients receiving anticonvulsant medication. Arch Neurol. 1990;47:670-676.
109. Rattya J, Turkka J, Pakarinen AJ, et al. Reproductive endocrine effects of valproate, carbamazepine, and oxcarbazepine in men with epilepsy. Neurology 2001;56:31-36.
110. Bauer J, Blumenthal S, Reuber M, Stoffel-Wagner B. Epilepsy syndrome, focus location, and treatment choice affect testicular function in men with epilepsy. Neurology 2004;62:243-246.
111. Isojarvi JI, Lofgren E, Juntunen KST, et al. Effect of epilepsy and antiepileptic drugs on male reproductive health. Neurology 2004;62:247-253.
112. Davidson JM, Camargo CA, Smith ER. Effects of androgens on sexual behavior in hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1979;48:955.
113. Herzog AG. Hormonal changes in epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1995;36:323-326.
114. Kuhn-Velten WN, Herzog AG, Muller MR. Acute effects of anticonvulsant drugs on gonadotropin-stimulated and precursor-supported testicular androgen production. Eur J Pharmacol. 1990;181:151-155.
115. Isojarvi JIT, Repo M, Pakarinen AJ, et al. Carbamazepine, phenytoin, sex hormones and sexual dysfunction in men with epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1995;36:364-368.
116. Herzog AG, Levesque L, Drislane F, et al. Phenytoin-induced elevations of serum estradiol and reproductive dysfunction in men with epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1991;32:550-553.
117. Murialdo G, Galimberti CA, Fonzi S, et al. Sex hormones and pituitary function in male epileptic patients with altered or normal sexuality. Epilepsia. 1995;36:364-368.
118. Klein P, Jacobs AR, Herzog AG. A comparison of testosterone versus testosterone and testolactone in the treatment of reproductive/sexual dysfunction in men with epilepsy and hypogonadism. Neurology. 1996;46:177.
119. Harden C, MacLusky NJ. Aromatase inhibition, testosterone, and seizures. Epilepsy & Behavior 2004;5:260-263.
120. Herzog AG. Seizure control with clomiphene therapy: a case report. Arch Neurol. 1988;45:209-210.
121. Login IS, Dreifuss FE. Anticonvulsant activity of clomiphene. Arch Neurol. 1983;40:525.
122. Isojarvi JIT, Laatikainen TJ, Pakarinen AJ, et al. Polycystic ovaries and hyperandrogenism in women taking valproate for epilepsy. N Eng J Med. 1993;329:1383-1388.
123. Isojarvi JI, Rattya J, Myllyla VV, Knip M, Koivunene R, Pakarinen AJ, Tekay A, Tapanainen JS. Valproate, lamotrigine and insulin-mediated risks in women with epilepsy. Ann Neurol 1998;43(4):446-451.
124. Isojarvi JIT, Laatikainen, Knip M, et al. Obesity and endocrine disorders in women taking valproate for epilepsy. Ann Neurol. 1996;39:579-585.
125. Bauer J, Jarre A, Klingmuller D,Elger CE. Polycystic ovary syndrome in patients with focal epilepsy: a study in 93 women. Epilepsy Research 2000:41(2):163-167.
126. Stephen LJ, Kwan P, Shapiro D, Dominiczak M, Brodie MJ. Hormone profiles in young adults with epilepsy treated with sodium valproate or lamotrigine monotherapy. Epilepsia 2001;42(8):1002-6.
127. Carr BR. Disorders of the ovary and female reproductive tract. In: Wilson JD, Foster DW, eds. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders; 1992.
128. Herzog AG. Polycystic ovarian syndrome in women with epilepsy: epileptic or iatrogenic? Ann Neurol. 1996;39:559-561.
129. Herzog AG, Seibel MM, Schomer DL, et al. Reproductive endocrine disorders in women with partial seizures of temporal lobe origin. Arch Neurol. 1986;43:341-346.
130. Margraf JW, Dreifuss FE. Amenorrhoea following initiation of therapy with valproic acid. Neurology. 1981;31:159.
131. Jones TH. Sodium valproate-induced menstrual disturbances in young women. Hormone Res. 1991;35:82-85.
132. Morrell MJ, Giudice L, Flynn KL, Seale CG, Paulson AJ, Done S, Flaster E, Ferin M, Sauer MV. Predictors of ovulatory failure in women with epilepsy. Ann Neurol 2002;52(6):704-711.
133. Holmes GL. Carbamazepine: toxicity. In: Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, eds. Antiepileptic Drugs. New York: Raven Press; 1996.
134. Isojarvi JIT, Pakarinen AJ, Ylipalosaari PJ, et al. Serum hormones in male epileptic patients receiving anticonvulsant medication. Arch Neurol. 1990;47:670-676.
135. Sachdeo RC, Wassersetin A, Mesenbrink PJ, D'Souza J. Effects of oxcarbazepine on sodium concentration and water handling. Ann Neurol. 2002;51(5):613-20.
