Skip to main content
printlogo

epilepsy.com

  • Sign In | Register
  • find us
  • donate
Home
  • Learn
    • About Epilepsy: The Basics
    • Types of Seizures
    • Types of Epilepsy Syndromes
    • Triggers of Seizures
    • Diagnosis
    • Treating Seizures and Epilepsy
    • Quality Care in Epilepsy
    • Seizure First Aid and Safety
    • Managing Your Epilepsy
    • Seizure and Epilepsy News
    • Early Death and SUDEP
    • Refractory Epilepsy (Difficult to Treat Seizures)
    • Challenges with Epilepsy
    • Special Populations
    • Learning Network
    • Professionals
  • Living with Epilepsy
  • Make A Difference
  • Connect

Search form

  • Learn
    • About Epilepsy: The Basics
      • What is Epilepsy?
        • A Revised Definition of Epilepsy
      • What is a Seizure?
      • What Happens During a Seizure?
      • Who Gets Epilepsy?
      • What Causes a Seizure?
      • What Are the Risk Factors?
      • Is Epilepsy Inherited?
      • Will I Always Have Epilepsy?
      • How Serious Are Seizures?
      • Facts about Seizures and Epilepsy
    • Types of Seizures
      • Focal Aware Seizures
      • Focal Impaired Awareness Seizures
      • Bilateral Tonic-clonic Seizures
      • Absence Seizures
      • Atypical Absence Seizures
      • Tonic-clonic Seizures
      • Atonic Seizures
      • Clonic Seizures
      • Tonic Seizures
      • Myoclonic Seizures
      • Gelastic and Dacrystic Seizures
      • Febrile Seizures
      • Nonepileptic Seizures
      • Refractory Seizures
      • New Terms for Seizure Classification
    • Types of Epilepsy Syndromes
      • Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
      • TBCK-related ID Syndrome
      • Self-induced Photosensitive Epilepsy (Sunflower Syndrome)
      • SCN8A-Related Epilepsy
      • Ring Chromosome 20 Syndrome
      • Reflex Epilepsies
      • Rasmussen's Syndrome
      • Progressive Myoclonic Epilepsies
      • Panayiotopoulos Syndrome
      • PCDH19 Epilepsy
      • Ohtahara Syndrome
      • Neurocutaneous Syndromes
        • Sturge Weber Syndrome (Encephalotrigeminal Angiomatosis)
        • Neurofibromatosis Type 1
        • Incontinentia Pigmenti
        • Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC)
      • Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome (LGS)
        • Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome Overview
        • Who develops LGS?
        • Characteristics
        • Causes
        • Seizure Types
        • Seizure Emergencies
        • Diagnosis
        • Treatment
          • Seizure Medications
          • Dietary Therapies
          • Surgery
          • Vagus Nerve Stimulation
          • LGS Treatment Roundtable
        • Family Issues
        • Resources
      • Landau-Kleffner Syndrome
      • Lafora Progressive Myoclonus Epilepsy
      • Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy
      • Juvenile Absence Epilepsy
      • Infantile Spasms (West's Syndrome) and Tuberous Sclerosis Complex
        • Characteristics
        • Diagnosis
        • Treatment
        • Outlook
        • Resources and References
      • Hypothalamic Hamartoma
        • Diagnosis
        • Treatment
      • Glut1 Deficiency Syndrome
      • Frontal Lobe Epilepsy
      • Epileptic Encephalopathy With Continuous Spike and Wave During Sleep (CSWS)
      • Epilepsy with Myoclonic-Absences
      • Epilepsy with Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures Alone
      • Epilepsy of Infancy with Migrating Focal Seizures
      • Early Myoclonic Encephalopathy (EME)
      • Dravet Syndrome
      • Doose Syndrome
      • Childhood Absence Epilepsy
      • CDKL5 Disorder
      • Benign Rolandic Epilepsy
      • Autosomal Dominant Nocturnal Frontal Lobe Epilepsy (ADNFLE)
      • Angelman Syndrome
    • Triggers of Seizures
      • Missed Medicines
      • Lack of Sleep and Epilepsy
      • Stress and Epilepsy
      • Alcohol
      • Drug Abuse
      • Menstruation
      • Photosensitivity and Epilepsy
      • Other Triggers of Seizures
      • Over-The-Counter Medications
      • Nutritional Deficiencies
    • Diagnosis
      • Diagnosis 101
        • Why See a Doctor?
        • What Kind of Doctor is Best?
        • What Will the Doctor Do?
        • What Tests Are Needed?
        • Why Is My Doctor Ordering Other Tests to Evaluate My Seizures?
        • What If It's Not Epilepsy?
      • You and Your Healthcare Team
        • Visiting The Doctor
        • Nurses
        • Physician Assistants
        • EEG Technologists
        • Neuropsychologists
        • Psychologists
        • Social Workers And Counselors
        • Psychiatrists
        • Vocational Rehabilitation Counselors
        • Pharmacists
        • Occupational Therapists
        • Second Opinions
      • Medical History
      • Physical Exam
      • Neurological Exam
      • EEG
        • What If It's Normal?
        • Procedure
        • Which EEG type is best for you?
        • Ambulatory EEG
        • Video EEG
        • Where It's Performed
        • Special Electrodes
        • How to Read an EEG
      • Looking at the Brain
        • Computed Tomography (CT)
        • MRI
          • Why it's Performed
          • MRI Procedure
        • SPECT
        • PET
        • MEG (magnetoencephalography)
      • Genetic Testing
      • Seizure Imitators
        • Breath-Holding Spells
        • Seizures and Multiple Sclerosis
    • Treating Seizures and Epilepsy
      • Treatment 101: The Basics
        • What’s First?
        • What You Need To Do
        • If First Medicine Doesn't Work
        • When Medicines Do Not Work
      • Seizure Medications List
      • Seizure and Epilepsy Medicines
        • Treatments of Status Epilepticus and Cluster Seizures: Available and Emerging Therapies
        • First Seizure
        • Choosing a First Medicine
        • Finding the Best Dosage
        • How Medicines Work
        • How Long Until It Works?
        • Blood Testing
        • Common Concerns
        • Importance of Adherence
        • Side Effects
        • Drug Interactions
        • Stopping Medication
        • How to Read A Package Insert
        • Treatment Guidelines
        • Seizure Medications and Pregnancy
          • Antiepileptic Drug Pregnancy Registry
      • Surgery
        • Surgery Candidates
        • Surgery Expectations
        • Pre-Surgery Tests
          • Video EEG Monitoring with Invasive Electrodes
          • Brain Mapping
          • Wada Test
        • Types of Surgeries
          • Temporal Lobectomy
          • Frontal Lobectomy
          • Parietal and Occipital Lobectomy
          • Hemispherectomy
          • Multiple Subpial Transections
          • Corpus Callosotomy
          • LITT (Thermal Ablation)
            • More about LITT (Thermal Ablation)
            • An Update on a Pilot Study on Visualase
        • Outlook After Surgery
        • Life After Surgery
      • Dietary Therapies
        • Ketogenic Diet
        • KetoNews
        • Modified Atkins Diet
        • Low Glycemic Index Treatment
      • Devices
        • Vagus Nerve Stimulation
          • Placement, Programming and Safety of Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS)
        • Responsive Neurostimulation
          • Placement, Programming and Safety of Responsive Neurostimulation (RNS)
        • External Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation
      • Other Treatment Approaches
        • Herbal Therapy
        • Medical Marijuana and Epilepsy
          • True or False Quiz: 10 Things to Know about Medical Cannabis
          • 2017 Glossary of Cannabinoid Terms
      • Clinical Trials
    • Quality Care in Epilepsy
      • How Do I Know I Am Getting the Best Care
        • First Diagnosed
        • If Seizures Do Not Stop and Medication Side Effects
        • Women of Child‐bearing Age
        • Questions to Ask Your Doctor
        • Managing Continued Seizures
        • The Comprehensive Epilepsy Center
      • Seizures in Adults
        • Diagnosing Epilepsy in Adults
        • Treating Epilepsy in Adults
        • Quality Care and Quality of Life
    • Seizure First Aid and Safety
      • General First Aid Steps
      • Adapting First Aid Plans
        • First Aid
          • Simple Partial Seizures
          • Complex Partial Seizures
          • Absence Seizures
          • Atonic and Tonic Seizures
          • Tonic-Clonic Seizures
          • Help After a Seizure
          • Calling an Ambulance
          • What Else Can I Do to Help?
          • First Aid Resources
        • Seizures in Water
      • Responding to Seizures
        • Using Rescue Medications
        • Using VNS Magnet
      • Getting Emergency Help
      • Staying Safe
        • Recognizing Risks
        • Types of Injuries
        • Safety at Home
        • Safety While Sleeping
        • Safety in the Kitchen
        • Safety at Work
        • Safety with Exercise and Sports
        • Safety at Camp
        • Seizure Dogs
          • Seizure 'Predicting' Dogs
          • General Rights of Individuals with Service Animals
          • Personal Story of a Seizure Dog
        • Infographic
        • Fall Safely
    • Managing Your Epilepsy
      • Managing My Seizures 101
        • Epilepsy Self Management
        • My Health Care Team
        • Working With Your Epilepsy Team
        • Staying in Touch with Your Health Care Team
        • Assessing My Readiness, Risks And Needs
        • Setting Priorities And Taking Actions
      • My Seizures Know More
      • #DareTo Go the Distance
        • A Seizure is Suspected: Getting Diagnosed
        • A Seizure is Suspected: Your Role
        • Creating My Health Care Team
        • At the Beginning of Your Treatment Journey
        • When Seizures Persist or Side Effects are a Problem
        • Managing Your Epilepsy
        • Finding Help and Support on Your Journey
      • Understanding Seizures and Emergencies
        • What Is A Seizure Emergency
        • Importance of Preventing Seizures and Other Problems
        • Warning Signs of Seizures
      • Tracking My Seizures
        • Using Seizure Diaries
        • Importance of Tracking Seizures
        • Observing Seizures
      • Managing Triggers
        • How to Identify Seizure Triggers
        • Medication Adherence
        • ABCs for Managing Seizure Triggers
        • Tips for Lifestyle Modification
          • Noises
          • Bright, Flashing, or Flourescent Lights
          • Sleep
          • Exercise and Epilepsy: What Should I do?
          • Exercise and Hyperventilation
          • Diet
          • Hormonal Changes
          • Illness, Fever, Trauma
          • Stress, Anxiety, Depression
      • Seizure Drills
      • Using Rescue Treatments
        • Diastat 101
          • How do you know if the proper dose of Diastat has been set?
          • How is Diastat given?
          • How long does it take for Diastat to work?
          • What are common side effects of Diastat?
          • Is any special monitoring needed when Diastat is given?
        • Oral Rescue Medicines 101
          • What are lorazepam and diazepam used for?
          • How is lorazepam or diazepam given?
          • How long does it take to work?
          • What are some common side effects?
          • Is special monitoring needed?
        • VNS Therapy 101
          • Building VNS Therapy into Seizure First Aid
          • Using the VNS Magnet to Stop Seizures
          • Using the VNS Magnet to Turn Off Stimulation
          • Safety Tips for VNS Magnet Use
      • Seizure Response Plans
      • Safety Plans
      • Adapting Plans for Travel
        • Making Travel Plans
        • Types of Travel and Vacations
        • Preparing for the Possibility of Seizures
        • Managing Medications while Traveling
        • Travel Tips for VNS and Other Treatments
        • Using Preparedness Plans and Other Resources
        • Teaching Others
        • Summary
      • Summer Camp
        • Choosing a Summer Camp
        • Understanding Types of Camps
        • Evaluating Camps
        • Preparing Staff for Seizure Management
        • Using Seizure Response Plans
        • Participating in Camp Activities
        • Tips to Enhance Camp Participation
        • Staying Safe at Camp
        • Water Safety
        • Summary
      • Self Management Programs
        • PEARLS
        • Texting 4 Control
        • UPLIFT
        • FOCUS
      • Emotional Response
      • Knowing Seizures And Emergencies
    • Seizure and Epilepsy News
      • Epilepsy & Behavior Journal
        • Select Journal Abstracts
          • 4th Biennial Epilepsy Pipeline Update Conference Recap
          • A Standardized Diagnostic Approach and Ongoing Feedback Improves Outcome in Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures
          • An Evaluation of the Impact of Memory and Mood on Antiepileptic Drug Adherence
          • Changes in Attitudes of US Adults toward People with Epilepsy
          • Changing the Approach to Treatment Choice in Epilepsy Using Big Data
          • Clinical and Economic Burden of Breakthrough Seizures
          • Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults with Epilepsy: Characterization and Risk Factor Analysis
          • Determinants of Felt Stigma in Epilepsy
          • Differential Impact of Contraceptive Methods on Seizures Varies by Antiepileptic Drug Category
          • Establishing an Adult Epilepsy Diet Center: Experience, Efficacy, and Challenges
          • Health Care Costs and Use Related to Long or Short Acting Seizure Medications (AEDs) when Used Alone
          • In Focus: The Everyday Lives of Families of Adult Individuals with Epilepsy
          • Long-term Seizure and Psychosocial Outcomes of Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Intractable Epilepsy
          • Perspectives on Seizure Clusters: Gaps in Lexicon, Awareness, and Treatment
          • Predicting Drug Resistance in Adult Patients with Generalized Epilepsy: A Case Control Study
          • Self-control of Epileptic Seizures by Nonpharmacological Strategies
          • Severity of Self-reported Insomnia in Adults with Epilepsy is Related to Comorbid Medical Disorders and Depressive Symptoms
          • Should we stop saying “epileptic”? A Comparison of the Effect of the Terms “Epileptic” and “Person with Epilepsy”
          • Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression in School-aged Children with Active Epilepsy
          • Temporal Lobe Epilepsy is a Predisposing Factor for Sleep Apnea: A Questionnaire Study in Video-EEG Monitoring Unit
          • Use of Antiepileptic Drugs During Pregnancy and Lactation: Type of information provided by searching Google
          • Visual Field Defects Following Different Resective Procedures for Mesiotemporal Lobe Epilepsy
          • Utility of Long-term Video-EEG Monitoring for Children with Staring
          • Understanding the Self-management Skills of Persons with Epilepsy
          • The Role of Executive Functioning in Quality of Life in Pediatric Intractable Epilepsy
          • The Impact of Stereotactic Laser Ablation at a Typical Epilepsy Center
          • The Efficacy of an Educational Program for Parents of Children with Epilepsy (FAMOSES)
          • Social Media in Epilepsy: A Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis
          • Seizure-related Variables are Predictive of Attention and Memory in Children with Epilepsy
          • Psychiatric and Behavioral Side Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs in Adults with Epilepsy
          • Parental Stress, Pediatric Quality of Life, and Behavior at Baseline and One-year Follow-up: Results from the FEBSTAT Study
          • Most Antidepressant Drugs Are Safe for Patients with Epilepsy at Therapeutic Doses: A Review of the Evidence
          • Mortality in Dravet syndrome: A review
          • Ictal Bradyarrhythmias and Asystole Requiring Pacemaker Implantation
          • How do you exercise with epilepsy? Insights into the Barriers and Adaptations to Successfully Exercise with Epilepsy
          • Folic Acid Use by Women with Epilepsy: Findings of the Epilepsy Birth Control Registry
          • Epilepsy by the Numbers: Epilepsy Deaths by Age, Race/Ethnicity, and Gender in the United States Significantly Increased from 2005 to 2014
          • Epidemiology of Neurocysticercosis and Epilepsy, is Everything Described?
          • Diagnostic Accuracy of Audio-based Seizure Detection in Patients with Severe Epilepsy and an Intellectual Disability
          • Counseling by Epileptologists Affects Contraceptive Choices of Women with Epilepsy
          • Community-based Rehabilitation Offers Cost-effective Epilepsy Treatment in Rural Guinea-Bissau
          • Bursts of High-frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS), Together with Lorazepam, Suppress Seizures in a Rat Kainate Status Epilepticus Model
          • Becoming Comfortable with "My" Epilepsy: Strategies that Patients Use in the Journey from Diagnosis to Acceptance and Disclosure
          • Association of Sleep with Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy
          • Association between antiepileptic drug dose and long-term response in patients with refractory epilepsy
          • A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Manual-based Psychosocial Group Intervention for Young People with Epilepsy (PIE)
        • Epilepsy Foundation Editorials
          • Epilepsy Foundation Efforts to Reduce the Impact of Epilepsy-Related Comorbidities: We Can’t Wait
          • The Epilepsy Pipeline Conference: Accelerating Hope
          • The New Partnership Between Epilepsy & Behavior and the Epilepsy Foundation
          • Advancing Public Policy for Epilepsy: The Epilepsy Foundation’s Public Police Institute and Teens Speak Up! Programs
          • The Epilepsy Foundation Leads in the Rare Epilepsy Network PCORI Award
          • Epilepsy Matters!
          • Epilepsy Foundation “#DareTo” Campaign
          • Epilepsy Foundation Public Awareness Campaigns – 2001 through 2013
          • National Walk for Epilepsy
          • Epilepsy Matters: Response to the CDC Report on Death in Children with Epilepsy
          • Saluting our Leaders
          • The Epilepsy Foundation is the Voice of People with Epilepsy and Their Families
          • Stronger Together: The Epilepsy Therapy Project and Epilepsy Foundation decide to merge - Our personal stories and reflections
          • People with Epilepsy as Partners in Research
      • Keto News
        • GLUT1 Deficiency Syndrome and the Ketogenic Diet
        • What to Do When Your Child Grows Up and Still Needs the Diet?
        • Continuing to Combat the Fear of High Cholesterol
        • Fasting and Absence Epilepsy: Reassessing Both in 2013
        • 3rd International Ketogenic Diet Symposium Recap
        • The Road to the Ketogenic Diet
        • Welcome to Chicago! The 3rd International Ketogenic Diet Conference
        • High Fat and Curry? A Trip to Witness the Indianization of the Ketogenic Diet
        • Top 10 Ketogenic Diet-Related Articles from 2011
        • Dietary Treatments and Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome
        • What to Do When it’s Time to Stop?
        • Summer Reading on the Ketogenic Diet 2011
        • EEGs and the Ketogenic Diet
        • Diets and Adults: an Update for 2011
        • Top 10 Dietary Treatment Articles of 2010
        • Will My Child Get a Heart Attack?!? No! Long-term Use of the Diet is Safe!
        • New York Times Magazine Cover Story on Ketogenic Diet Therapy for Epilepsy
        • Excitement in Edinburgh: Report from the 2nd International Dietary Therapies Meeting
        • October in Edinburgh! Ketogenic Diets 2nd Biannual Conference
        • Infantile Spasms and the Diet: The Evidence Grows
        • The Ketogenic Diet Up North
        • American Epilepsy Society Annual Meeting Recap
        • Top 10 Articles of 2009
        • 911: Using Ketogenic Diets for Emergencies
        • Can You "Fine-Tune" the Ketogenic Diet?
        • Side Effects on the Diet: Prevention, Not Just Treatment
        • The Ketogenic Diet in a Bottle?
        • Diet Therapy for Epilepsy in the Mideast
        • Why is this Night Different from All Other Nights? Mixing Ketogenic Diets and Passover
        • Is There a Right Way to Do the Diet? The Consensus Statement is Published!
        • Does Ketosis Matter? Discussion at the 2008 American Epilepsy Society
        • Top 10 Ketogenic Diet Articles for 2008
        • A Remembrance of Life on the Ketogenic Diet 60 Years Later!
        • Using the Diet for Epilepsy First?
        • Siblings and the Ketogenic Diet
        • Grace’s Magic Diet: A Child’s Story
        • Ketogenic Diets: Not Just for Epilepsy any Longer
        • Ketogenic Diet Centers in the United States
        • Newly-released Results from a Randomized and Controlled Study of the Ketogenic Diet in London
        • The First International Dietary Treatments for Epilepsy and other Neurologic Disorders Meeting Report
        • The Ketogenic Diet and Antiepileptic Drugs: A Good Mix?
        • Ketogenic Recipes for Easter and Passover
        • Let’s Meet! Exciting Past (and Future) Ketogenic Diet Conferences
        • Hearts, Flowers, and Almond Bread
        • Top 10 Ketogenic Diet Articles in the Medical Literature of 2007
        • Winter Holidays
        • Side Effects on the Ketogenic Diet: Identification and Treatment
        • A Happy Ketogenic Thanksgiving
        • Laboratory Notes on the Ketogenic Diet
        • Try It: They Might Like It!
        • The MCT Diet
        • A Mother's Plan for the Ketogenic Diet
        • Preparing Yourself, Your Family, and Your Child for the Ketogenic Diet
        • The Low Glycemic Index Treatment and the Ketogenic Diet
        • Modified Atkins Diet – More on the Plate than Ever
        • Do Ketogenic Diets Work for Adults with Epilepsy? Yes!
        • Ketogenic Diet Research
      • Basic Science of Epilepsy
      • PubMed Articles Feeds
    • Early Death and SUDEP
      • SUDEP
        • SUDEP FAQ
        • What does the 2017 SUDEP Guideline mean for me?
        • How SUDEP Occurs
        • Preventing SUDEP
        • SUDEP Resources
        • SUDEP Webinars and Presentations
        • The Role of Seizure Alerts
          • Brain Sentinel® Monitoring and Alerting (SPEAC) System
        • SUDEP News
        • SUDEP Research Efforts
        • Support for Bereaved
        • Bereavement Support Articles
        • SUDEP Action Day
        • Talking About SUDEP
        • #DareTo Say SUDEP
        • #DareTo Say SUDEP Infographic
        • SUDEP Stories
          • One Family Dares Doctors to Talk About SUDEP
          • A Plea from a Family: Talk about SUDEP
          • Mom to Young Adults: #DareTo Ask for Help in Managing Seizures
          • #DareTo Say SUDEP: A Daughter’s Perspective
          • Understanding My Risk for SUDEP
          • Omissions Can Be Deadly
          • Mom and Nurse: #DareTo Advocate for Adults Living with Epilepsy
          • Jane’s Journey for SUDEP Action
          • Dare to Say NORSE
          • Dare to Attend PAME 2016
          • #DareTo Say SUDEP and Make Informed Choices
          • #DareTo Initiate the SUDEP Conversation – It May Save a Life
          • #DareTo Contact the Epilepsy Foundation and the North American SUDEP Registry
      • Suicide
    • Refractory Epilepsy (Difficult to Treat Seizures)
      • The Comprehensive Epilepsy Center
      • Treating Refractory Epilepsy
    • Challenges with Epilepsy
      • Seizure Emergencies
        • Seizure Clusters
        • Status Epilepticus
      • Injuries and Illnesses
      • Thinking and Memory
        • Thinking Memory and Epilepsy
        • Diagnosing and Treating Memory Problems
        • Memory And Seizures
        • Types Of Memory Problems
        • Causes of Memory Problems
        • Top Ten Memory Complaints
        • Memory Techniques
      • Moods and Behavior
        • Medications And Mood
        • Mood and Behavior 101
          • Effects on Behavior
          • Moods and Behavior
          • Stress, Mood, and Seizures
          • Mood and Personality Changes
          • Anxiety
          • Aggression
          • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
          • Psychosis
        • Mood and Behavior Advanced
          • Interictal Problems
          • Psychosis
          • Anxiety Disorders
          • Impaired Attention
          • Depression
          • Diagnosis
          • Therapy Options
          • Conclusion
        • Cognitive Therapies
      • Sleep and Epilepsy
        • What is Sleep?
        • How Does Sleep Affect the EEG?
        • Sleep And Age
        • Drowsiness And Memory
        • Sleep Disruption
        • Sleep Disorders
        • Getting A Good Night's Sleep
        • Sleep And AEDS
      • Bone Health
      • Social Concerns
      • Risks During Pregnancy
    • Special Populations
      • African Americans
        • African American Outreach
        • Furthering Campus-Community Partnerships for Epilepsy Education
      • Asian Americans
      • La Epilepsia
        • ¿Qué es epilepsia?
          • Información sobre la epilepsia
          • El diagnostico de la epilepsia
          • Tratando la epilepsia
          • Tipos de Convulsiones/ataques
          • Primeros auxilios para convulsiones o ataques
          • Encuentre un médico
          • El cerebro
          • La Genética y la Epilepsia
        • Cómo vivir con Epilepsia
          • Cómo mantenerse saludable
          • Mujeres, embarazo y niños
          • Ancianos
          • Infancia
        • Recursos
          • Cómo ayudar a los seres queridos
          • Para profesionales
          • Preguntas más frecuentes y sus respuestas
          • Alianzas Estratégicas
          • Historias que nos inspiran
          • Obtenga la información más reciente
            • Estatus epiléptico: Reto para el médico de sala de emergencia
            • Epilepsia, la enfermedad olvidada en América Latina
            • Un estudio respalda el vínculo entre el estrés y los ataques epilépticos
          • Materiales educativos
        • Conexiones Locales
      • En Espanol
        • Cómo Manejar La Epilepsia Y Las Crisis Epilépticas
      • Men and Epilepsy
      • Seniors and Epilepsy
        • Seniors With Epilepsy
        • Types of Seizures
        • Seizure Recognition And First Aid
        • Causes Of Epilepsy
        • Getting A Diagnosis
        • Effects Of Epilepsy Medications
        • Side Effects
        • Falls During Seizures
        • Treating Epilepsy In Seniors
        • Effects Of Epilepsy On Seniors
        • Living Independently
        • Safety Issues
        • Caregivers
      • For Veterans
        • For Healthcare Professionals
        • For Family Members
        • Veterans Program
    • Learning Network
      • Webinar Archive
    • Professionals
      • Seizures in Adults (Connectors Project)
      • AAN/AES SUDEP Guideline for Professionals
      • Epilepsy Innovation Institute
      • Hallway Conversations
        • Using Provocative Tests to Diagnose PNES
        • Should Patients or Their Families be Told of the Risk of SUDEP?
        • Rufinamide
        • Prognosis for Seizure Recurrence in Seizure-Free Patients after Stopping AEDs
        • Pregnancy and Seizure Medications
        • Physician Reporting of Patients When Seizures May Affect Driving
        • Generic Substitution: Why the Controversy?
        • Felbamate: Consensus of Current Clinical Experience
        • Evaluation of the First Seizure(s)
        • Epilepsy and Exercise: A Hallway Conversation
        • Can Dogs Detect Seizures?
        • AEDs and Seniors
        • Valproate May Increase Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes
      • GW Grand Rounds Series
      • Epilepsy Foundation Pipeline Conferences
        • Epilepsy Pipeline 2014 - Session I & II
        • Epilepsy Pipeline 2014 - Session III
        • Epilepsy Pipeline 2014 - Session IV
        • Epilepsy Pipeline 2014 - Session V, VI and Lifetime Accelerator Award
        • Epilepsy Pipeline 2014 - Session VII
        • Epilepsy Pipeline 2014 - Session VIII
        • Epilepsy Pipeline 2014 - Session IX, Shark Tank Competition and Closing Remarks
      • Joint Content Partnership with AES
        • Epilepsy Comorbidities
        • How Device Trials Work
        • Patient Safety in the Epilepsy Monitoring Unit
        • PAME Conference Wrapup Podcast
        • Podcast on Epilepsy Surgery
        • SUDEP FAQ for Professionals
        • The Complex Relationship Between Autism Spectrum Disorders and Epilepsy
        • Service Dogs
        • Seizure Emergencies
        • Podcast on Electrophysiological Biomarkers
        • Obstacles in Epilepsy Diagnosis: If You Don't Ask, They Won't Tell
        • New-Onset Refractory Status Epilepticus (NORSE)
        • New Treatment Strategies For Neurodevelopmental Epilepsies
        • New Status Epilepticus Guidelines
        • My Seizures, Know More
        • Generic Antiepileptic Drugs - Results of FDA Research
        • First Seizure Guidelines
        • Epilepsy Quality Measures
        • Cannabinoids in Medically Refractory Epilepsy
        • Biomarkers in Epilepsy: The Latest Research
      • Educational Webcasts & Web Links
        • AED Mechanisms of Actions Roundtable
        • Adverse Effects Related to Medication Roundtable
        • An Algorithm on the Diagnosis of Nonlesional Epilepsy
        • An Algorithm on the Treatment of Epilepsy in Patients with a Normal MRI
        • Treatment for Patients with Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome Roundtable
      • About Epilepsy & Seizures
        • Classifying Seizures
          • Distinguishing Factors
          • Generalized Seizures
            • Absence
            • Atonic
            • Clonic
            • Myoclonic
            • Tonic
            • Tonic-clonic
          • Nonepileptic Seizures
            • Causes
            • Diagnosis
              • Clues from the History
              • Clues from the Event
              • Video-EEG Monitoring
            • Talking to the Patient
            • Treatment and Outlook
            • Readings
          • References
          • Status Epilepticus
            • Convulsive SE
              • Complications and Prognosis
              • Symptoms and Causes
            • Less Obvious SE
            • Diagnosing SE
            • Managing Status Epilepticus
              • Phenytoin and Fosphenytoin
              • Valproic Acid
              • Phenobarbital
              • Diazepam
              • Lorazepam
              • Midazolam and Clonazepam
              • Continuous Anesthesia for Refractory SE
              • Medical Treatment of Other Forms of SE
              • Troubleshooting
            • Readings
        • Overview of Epilepsy Syndromes
          • Benign Familial Neonatal Seizures
          • Benign Neonatal Convulsions
          • Benign Rolandic
          • CEOP
          • Childhood Absence (Pyknolepsy)
          • Early Myoclonic Encephalopathy
          • Grand Mal Seizures on Awakening
          • Infant Benign Myoclonic
          • Infant Severe Myoclonic
          • Infantile Spasms
          • Juvenile Absence
          • Juvenile Myoclonic
          • Landau-Kleffner Syndrome
          • Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome
          • Myoclonic Absences
          • Myoclonic-Astatic Seizures
          • Ring Chromosome 20 Syndrome
            • Ring Chromosome 20 Symptom List
          • Slow Sleep Spikes and Waves
          • Unverricht-Lundborg Disease
          • References
        • Neonatal Epileptic Seizures and Syndromes
          • Benign Familial Neonatal Seizures
          • Benign Neonatal Seizures (Non-Familial)
          • Early Myoclonic Encephalopathy
          • Ohtahara Syndrome
        • Idiopathic Epileptic Seizures and Syndromes in Infancy
          • Febrile Seizures
          • Benign Myoclonic Epilepsy in Infancy
          • Benign Familial and Non-Familial Infantile Seizures (Watanabe-Vigevano Syndrome)
          • Generalized Epilepsies with Febrile Seizures Plus (GEFS ; Autosomal Dominant Epilepsy with Febrile Seizures Plus)
        • Epileptic Encephalopathies in Infancy and Childhood
          • Myoclonic Status in Non-Progressive Encephalopathies
          • Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome
          • Landau-Kleffner Syndrome (Acquired Epileptic Aphasia)
          • Hypothalamic (Gelastic) Epilepsy
          • Epilepsy with Continuous Spikes and Waves During Slow-Wave Sleep (Electrical Status Epilepticus During Slow-Wave Sleep)
          • Dravet Syndrome (Severe Myoclonic Epilepsy in Infancy)
          • West Syndrome (Infantile Spasms)
        • Severe Neocortical Epileptic Syndromes in Infancy and Childhood
          • Kozhevnikov-Rasmussen Syndrome
          • Hemiconvulsion-Hemiplegia Epilepsy Syndrome
          • Epilepsia Partialis Continua of Kozhevnikov
          • Migrating Focal Seizures of Infancy
        • Benign Childhood Focal Seizures
          • Gastaut-Type Idiopathic Childhood Occipital Epilepsy
          • Benign Childhood Epilepsy with Centrotemporal Spikes (Rolandic Seizures)
          • Panayiotopoulos Syndrome
        • Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsies
          • Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy (JME; Janz Syndrome)
          • Juvenile Absence Epilepsy
          • Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy with Phantom Absences
          • Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy with Generalized Tonic Clonic Seizures Only
          • Epilepsy with Myoclonic-Astatic Seizures (Doose Syndrome)
          • Epilepsy with Myoclonic Absences
          • Childhood Absence Epilepsy
          • Perioral Myoclonia with Absences
        • Familial (Autosomal Dominant) Focal Epilepsies
          • Familial Focal Epilepsy with Variable Foci
          • Familial Autosomal Dominant Lateral Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (Autosomal Dominant Focal Epilepsy with Auditory Features)
          • Autosomal Dominant Nocturnal Frontal Lobe Epilepsy (ADNFLE)
          • Familial Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
        • Symptomatic and Probably Symptomatic Focal Epilepsies
          • Parietal Lobe Epilepsies
          • Occipital Lobe Epilepsies
          • Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy with Hippocampal Sclerosis
          • Lateral Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
          • Frontal Lobe Epilepsies
          • Common Frontal Lobe Seizures Depending on Localization
          • Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE)
        • Reflex Seizures and Related Epileptic Syndromes
          • Television Epilepsy
          • Startle Epilepsy (Startle-Induced Seizures)
          • Self-Induced Seizures
          • Photosensitive Epilepsy
          • Jeavons Syndrome (Eyelid Myoclonia with Absences)
          • Idiopathic Reading Epilepsy
          • Idiopathic Photosensitive Occipital Lobe Epilepsy
          • Video Game-Induced Seizures (VGS)
        • Hormones and Epilepsy
          • Catamenial Epilepsy
            • Patterns and Causes
            • Evaluation
            • Treatment
          • Effects on Other Hormones
          • Female Reproductive Endocrine Function
            • Evaluating Reproductive Dysfunction
          • Female Sexuality/Reproduction and AEDs
          • Male Reproductive Endocrine Function
          • Male Sexuality/Reproduction and AEDs
          • Menarche
          • Menopause and Perimenopause
          • Other Hormonal Systems and AEDs
          • Postictal Prolactin Testing
          • Reproductive issues
            • Contraception
            • Fertility
            • Obstetrical Risks
            • Seizures During Pregnancy
            • AED Management During Pregnancy
            • Teratogenicity
            • Monitoring Pregnancy in Women with Epilepsy
            • Breastfeeding
          • References
        • Psychiatric and Behavioral Aspects
          • Effects of Treatment
          • Evaluating Psychiatric Symptoms
          • Influence of Seizure Types
          • Interictal Behaviors of TLE
          • Psychiatric Predispositions
          • Psychiatric Symptoms
            • Depression
            • Psychosis
            • Forced Normalization
            • Aggression
            • Other Psychiatric Symptoms
          • Treatment of Psychiatric Complications
          • Readings
      • Co-Existing Disorders
        • Brain Tumors
          • Pathophysiology
          • Clues to anatomic location
          • Neuroimaging
          • Astrocytoma
          • Oligodendroglioma
          • Ganglioglioma
          • DNETs
          • Meningioma
          • Metastatic
          • Treatment
          • Prophylaxis
          • AED Treatment
          • Surgical Planning and Prep
          • Postoperative Complications
          • Future Trends
          • References
        • Cardiac Disorders
          • References
          • Myocardial Infarction
          • Managing Epilepsy
          • Managing Cardiac Disease
          • Congenital Heart Disease
          • Complications
          • Assessment: Neurologic or Cardiac?
          • Arrhythmias
          • Valve Disease
        • Cerebrovascular Disease
          • Ischemic Etiologies
          • Hemorrhagic Etiologies
          • Other Etiologies
          • Epidemiology of Stroke
          • Incidence and Risk Factors for Seizures
          • Types of Seizures
          • Assessment of Seizures
          • Differential Diagnosis
          • Treatment of Seizures
            • Phenytoin
            • Phenobarbital
            • Carbamazepine
            • Valproate
            • Other AEDs
            • Special Situations
          • Prognosis
          • References
        • Developmental Disorders
          • Mental Retardation and Cerebral Palsy
            • References
            • Prognosis
            • Epidemiology of MR
            • Epidemiology of CP
            • Characteristics of Seizures
            • Risk Among Children
              • Children with MR
              • Children with CP
              • Children with MR and CP
          • Childhood-specific epilepsies with DD
            • Mechanisms of seizure-induced brain damage
              • Recurrent Seizures: Damage to the Developing Brain
              • Status Epilepticus : Damage to the Developing Brain
            • Developmental Delay and Infantile Spasms
            • Characteristics of Infantile Spasms
            • References
          • Metabolic and Genetic Disorders
            • Family History
            • Physical Examination
            • Neurologic Examination
            • Age of Onset
              • Age of Onset - table
            • Seizure Frequency and Types
            • Diagnostic Testing
              • Diagnostic Testing - table
            • Identifying the Locus
              • Identifying the Locus - table
            • Treatment
            • References
        • Gastrointestinal & Liver Disease
          • Gastrointestinal disease
          • Liver Disease
          • Effects on specific AEDs
            • Valproic acid
            • Topiramate
            • Tiagabine
            • Phenytoin
            • Phenobarbital
            • Oxcarbazepine
            • Levetiracetam
            • Lamotrigine
            • Gabapentin
            • Felbamate
            • Ethosuximide
            • Carbamazepine
            • Zonisamide
          • References
          • Choosing and monitoring AEDs
        • Head Trauma & Post-Traumatic Epilepsy
          • References
          • Prevention and Prophylaxis
          • Mechanisms of Brain Injury
            • Cellular Mechanisms of Epileptogenesis
            • Can Responses be Altered?
            • Biochemical Effects
            • Genetic and Molecular Factors
          • Management Guidelines
          • Risks
        • Hematologic Disorders
          • Sickle Cell Disease
          • References
          • Proliferative Disorders
          • Newborn Hemorrhagic Disease
          • Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
          • Folate Deficiency
          • Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
          • Bone Marrow Transplantation
          • Aplastic Anemia
          • Anticoagulant and Antiplatelet Therapy
          • Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
        • Infectious States & Seizures
          • Trypanosomiasis
          • Toxoplasmosis
          • Syphilis
          • Subdural Empyema
          • Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE)
          • Slow Virus Infections
          • Seizure Complications of Antibacterial Treatment
          • References
          • Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)
          • Noninfectious Causes of Meningitis
          • Mycoplasmal Infections
          • Mycobacterial Infections
            • CNS Tuberculoma
            • Tuberculous Meningitis
          • Malaria
          • Lyme Disease
            • Late Disseminated Infection
            • Early Localized Infection
            • Early Disseminated Infection
            • Diagnosis
            • Treatment
          • Intraparenchymal Abscess
          • Immunosuppression in Cancer Patients
          • Helminthic parasitic Infections
            • Toxocariasis
            • Strongyloidiasis
            • Schistosomiasis
            • Neurocysticercosis
            • Echinococcosis
            • Angiostrongyliasis
            • Trichinosis
          • Fungal Infections
          • Febrile Seizures
          • Epilepsy as a Consequence of Infection
          • Epilepsy & TB treatment
          • Epidural Abscess
          • Bacterial Meningitis
            • Seizure Complications
            • Epidemiology
            • Diagnosis
            • Treatment
          • Amebic Parasitic Infections
          • Viral Infections
            • Rabies
            • Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
            • Herpes Encephalitis
            • HHV-6 encephalitis
            • Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)
            • Enteroviruses
            • Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
            • Arboviruses
            • Viral CNS Syndromes with Potential Seizure Complications - table
        • Inflammatory Disorders
          • Crohn's Disease
        • Metabolic Disorders
          • Inborn Errors
            • Niemann-Pick Disease
            • Mucopolysaccharidoses
            • Hepatic Porphyria
            • Gaucher's Disease
            • Phenylketonuria
          • Hypoparathyroidism
          • Hyperthyroidism
          • Electrolyte Abnormalities
            • Hyponatremia
            • Hypomagnesemia
            • Hypoglycemia
            • Hypocalcemia
            • Hypernatremia
            • Nonketotic Hyperglycemia
          • Adrenal Insufficiency
          • References
        • Migraine & Epilepsy
          • Treatment Considerations
          • The EEG
          • References
          • Phases
          • Migraine-Epilepsy Syndromes
          • Migraine & Epilepsy - table
          • Headache as a Consequence of Seizures
          • Epidemiologic Connections
          • Clinical Features
          • Classification
          • Variants Confused with Epilepsy
        • Renal Disorders
          • References
          • Physiology of Drug Clearance
          • Effects on Steady-State Plasma Concentration
          • Effects on Specific AEDs
            • Valproate
            • Topiramate
            • Tiagabine
            • Primidone
            • Phenytoin
            • Phenobarbital
            • Oxcarbazepine
            • Levetiracetam
            • Lamotrigine
            • Gabapentin
            • Fosphenytoin
            • Felbamate
            • Ethosuximide
            • Clonazepam
            • Carbamazepine
            • Zonisamide
          • Effects of Hemodialysis
          • Drug Dosing Rate Adjustments
          • Dialysis Encephalopathy Syndrome
          • Dialysis Disequilibrium Syndrome
          • Correction for Hemodialysis
          • Aluminum Encephalopathy Syndrome
          • Uremic Encephalopathy
        • Sleep Disorders
          • References
          • Periodic Limb Movements and Restless Legs Syndrome
          • Narcolepsy
          • Insomnia
          • Idiopathic CNS Hypersomnia
          • Fundamentals
          • Effects of Seizures on Sleep
          • Effects of IEDs on Sleep
          • Effects of AEDs on Sleep
          • Differential Diagnosis
          • Classification
          • Approach to Insomnia
          • Approach to Daytime Sleepiness
          • Sleep Apnea
        • Transplantation & Seizures
          • Pancreas
          • Lung
          • Liver
          • Kidney
          • Heart
          • Diagnostic Approach
          • Chronic Management
          • Bone Marrow
          • Acute Management
          • References
        • Pulmonary Disorders
          • Sleep Apnea Syndrome
          • Respiratory Insufficiency
          • Respiratory Effects of AEDs
          • References
          • Generalized Seizures or SE
          • Focal Cortical or Limbic-Onset Seizures
          • Theophylline Toxicity
      • Specialized Populations
        • Seniors
          • Common Causes
          • Strokes
          • Seizure Presentation
          • Causes of Episodic Neurologic Dysfunction
          • Evaluation of First Seizure
          • First Seizure Treatment
          • Choosing AEDs for Seniors
          • Pharmacokinetics
          • Prognosis and Quality of Life
          • Long-term Management
          • Surgery
          • Status Epilepticus
          • References
        • Men
          • Effects of AEDs
          • Reproductive Endocrine Disorders
          • Male Infertility
          • Male Contraception
          • Effects of AEDs on Male Maturation
          • Effects on Sexual Function
          • A Commentary: The Effects of AEDS on Male Hormones
          • References
        • Women
          • Physician's Discussion Checklist for Women with Epilepsy
          • Discussion Guide
          • New Evidence for Heightened Obstetrical Risk in Women with Epilepsy
      • Diagnosis & Treatment
        • The Epilepsy Clinic–Test Your Clinical Knowledge
          • iEEG and discordant scEEG
          • Wickets and Surgical Delay
          • Why Delay?
          • When Do You Consider Epilepsy Drug Resistant?
          • What is the Importance of Classification?
          • What are the Pitfalls in the Diagnosis of Epilepsy in the Elderly?
          • Wada Testing and Functional MRI
          • The Interictal-Ictal Continuum
          • Spells and Cerebrovascular Disease
          • Spells and Abnormal EEG
          • SISCOM
          • Rett Syndrome
          • Rasmussen Encephalitis and Hemispherectomy
          • Progressive Myoclonus Epilepsy
          • Post TLE AED Withdrawl
          • Panayiotopoulos Syndrome
          • Left ATL and Memory Outcome
          • Lambda Waves
          • LGS and Pseudoseizure
          • Jeavon's Syndrome
          • Ictal Asystole
          • IED Frequency and Seizure Severity
          • How Can EEG Help After a Seizure?
          • Generic Drugs and Epilepsy
          • Epilepsy and Alzheimer’s Dementia
          • Dementia and EEG
          • DT Tractography
          • Artifact Read as GSW in Vertigo
          • AED Withdrawl and CAAEEG
          • mTLE and Seizures after LATL
        • Epilepsy Care Quality Measures
          • Evaluation of a First Seizure
          • New Onset Epilepsy
          • Patients with Refractory Seizures
          • Women of Childbearing Potential
          • Patient-Identified Quality Measures
        • Disgnostic Evaluation of Autoimmune Epilepsy
        • Clinical Trials
        • Drugs & Their Contribution to Seizures
          • Metabolic Encephalopathy
          • Surgery and Anesthesia
          • Antimicrobial Drugs and Immunosuppression
          • Differentiating Nonepileptic Behavior
          • Antidepressants
          • Antipsychotics
          • Anxiolytics and Hypnotics
          • Amphetamines
          • AEDs that can Cause Seizures
          • OTC and Herbal Medicines
          • Alcohol
          • Cocaine
          • Illicit Stimulants
          • Opioids and CNS Depressants
          • References
        • Emergency Department Care
          • Post-Seizure Visits
            • Abnormal Postictal Neurologic Exam
            • Abnormal Postictal Labs
            • Abnormal Neuroimaging
            • Changes in Duration, Frequency, or Type
          • Non-Seizure Visits
          • First or Unknown Seizure History Visits
          • Approach to Epilepsy
            • Treating Convulsive SE
          • Acutely Seizing Patients
            • Myoclonic Seizures
            • Absence Seizures
            • Nonepileptic Psychogenic Seizures
          • References
        • ICU Care
          • Emergently Admitted: Treating Seizures
          • Emergently Admitted: Pharmacologic Concerns
          • Electively Admitted: Treating Seizures
          • Electively Admitted: Pharmacologic Concerns
          • References
        • Ketogenic Diet
        • Non-Drug Therapies
        • Procedures in Epilepsy Patients
          • Premedication
          • Anesthesia
          • General Anesthetics
            • Other Inhalational Agents
            • Opioids
            • Ketamine
            • Etomidate
            • Enflurane
            • Benzodiazepines
            • Barbiturates
            • Propofol
          • Local Anesthesia
            • Lidocaine
            • Other Local Anesthetics
          • Anesthetic Adjuvants
          • Non-Opioid Analgesics
          • Preoperative Planning and Management
          • Dental Procedures
          • References
        • Psychotropic Drugs & Developmental Disabilities
          • Diagnostic Issues
          • Psychiatric Disorders
          • Comorbid Epilepsy Approach
            • Antidepressants
            • Antipsychotics
            • Buspirone
            • Beta-Blockers
            • Amphetamines
            • Mood Stabilizers
          • References
        • Psychotropic Effects on Developmental Disabilities
          • Adminstration of AEDs
          • Clinical Effects of AEDs
          • Specific AEDs
            • Valproic Acid
            • Topiramate
            • Tiagabine
            • Phenytoin
            • Lamotrigine
            • Gabapentin
            • Felbamate
            • Ethosuximide
            • Carbamazepine
            • Benzodiazepines
            • Barbiturates
            • Vigabatrin
          • Vagus Nerve Stimulation
          • References
        • Surgery
          • Readings
          • Radiosurgery for Epilepsy
          • Procedures
          • Presurgical Evaluation
            • Pre-surgery Intracranial Monitoring: Stereo-EEG Versus Subdural Electrodes
          • Neurostimulation for Epilepsy
          • Lobectomy Outlook
          • Implanted EEG Electrodes
          • Hemispherectomy
          • Corpus Callosotomy
          • Children with Medically Refractory Epilepsy
            • Case Illustrations
            • Rationale for Surgery
          • Who is a Candidate?
        • Therapeutic and Generic Substitutions
          • Medicaid AED Rules for Generic Substitutions by State
          • Article : Generic and Brand Name AEDs – Considerations for Clinicians and Patients
          • Powerpoint Presentation : Generic and Brand Name AEDs – Considerations for Clinicians
        • Treatment
          • Therapy Goals
          • 9 Steps of Treatment
            • 1) Diagnosis
            • 2) When to Start
            • 3) Choosing Medication
            • 4) Initiating Treatment
            • 5) Detecting Noncompliance
            • 6) Managing Side Effects
            • 7) Interaction Awareness
            • 8) Monitoring AED Levels
            • 9) Discontinuing Treatment
          • AEDs and Pregnancy
          • Managing Psychosocial Stress
          • References
        • Vagus Nerve Stimulation
          • SUDEP, VNS and the FDA
        • A Potential New Therapy for Neonatal Seizures
        • Basic Science of EEG
        • Magnetic–Resonance-Guided Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy (MR-g LITT)
        • Prospects for Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Epilepsy
      • Refractory Seizures
        • Overview
          • Goals of Therapy
          • Importance of Seizure Freedom
          • Definition of Refractory Seizures
        • Epidemiology and Difficult-to-Treat Epilepsies
          • Epidemiology
          • Difficult to Treat or Progressive Epilepsy Syndromes
        • Potentially Remediable Causes
          • Wrong Diagnosis
          • Correct AED, but Inadequate Treatment
          • Noncompliance
          • Progressive Lesions
          • Seizure Clusters
          • Exacerbation by Medical Conditions
          • Catamenial Epilepsy
          • Exposure to Seizure Triggers
        • Actions to Take
          • Quality Care Indicators for Patients with Refractory Seizures
          • Identify and Reduce Triggers
          • Diagnostic Evaluation
          • AED Changes
          • Surgical Evaluation
          • Non-Pharmacological Therapies
          • Seizure Preparedness; Safety Plan
          • Clinical Trials
      • Challenging Cases
        • Vigabatrin Treatment In A Patient With Visual Field Defects: What To Do?
        • Left Arm and Leg Shaking in a Patient with a History of Treated Syphilis
        • The Value of Diagnostic Persistence
        • Syncope In A Patient With Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
        • Seizure Relapse 13 Years After Successful Surgery
        • If At First You Don’t Succeed...
        • Attacks of Rising Sensations, Pallor and Loss of Consciousness
        • Epileptic Falls Due to the Heart
      • Continuing Medical Education
        • Improved Patient Safety in Epilepsy Monitoring Units
        • SUDEP Counseling: Risk Management for Clinicians
      • Resource Library
        • Newly Published Epilepsy Related Books
        • Announcements
          • Valproate (Depakote) Linked to Lower IQs in Babies
          • Upsher-Smith Laboratories Adds ITI-111 (Nasal Midazolam) to CNS Development Pipeline
          • UCB Announces First Results From Phase III Brivaracetam Studies in Epilepsy
          • Return of Yellow-Square Mysoline® (primidone, USP) 250 mg tablets
          • Researchers Identify New Drug to Prevent Seizure Progression in Model of Epilepsy
          • Purple Day - Epilepsy Awareness Day - is March 26, 2010
          • New CDC Funding Opportunities for Epilepsy Research in 2010
          • Neurotech Bill Introduced in Both Senate and House of Representatives
          • Info for All the Entrepreneurs Working in Epilepsy
          • FDA Comment Period on Rare Diseases
          • FDA Approves Generic Topamax to Prevent Seizures
          • Dr. Solomon L. Moshé Elected President of The International League Against Epilepsy
          • Department of Defense Peer Reviewed Medical Research Program FY10 Program Announcements Released
          • DBS Therapy for Epilepsy Received Approval for the Treatment of Refractory Epilepsy in Europe
          • CDC Releases Report on Effects of Swine Flu in Children
          • AAN & AES New Guidelines Focus on Women with Epilepsy and Pregnancy
          • Zebinix Approved in the European Union
        • Epilepsy Medical Journal Links
        • How a National Institutes of Health Study Section Works
        • Anticonvulsant Screening Program
        • Conference News
          • Polyunsaturated Fats for Treatment of Refractory Epilepsy: Disappointing Results
          • Pathways to Discovery in Epilepsy Research: Rethinking the Quest for Cures - Hoyer Lecture
          • How Parents Respond to Their Child's First Seizure
          • How Effective is the Atkins Diet in Treating Medically Refractory Seizures?
          • Are Those with Epilepsy Excessive Caffeine Drinkers?
          • Are Newer Antiepileptic Drugs Being Used in the Elderly?
          • An Alternative to Open Surgery for Patients with Unilateral Medically Refractory Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
          • 2012 Epilepsy Pipeline Update Conference Webcasts
          • 2009 Epilepsy Pipeline Update
          • 10th Antiepileptic Drug Trials Update: 2009
          • Some Patients with Epilepsy Drive Against Doctors’ Orders
        • Articles and Publications
          • New England Journal of Medicine Finds a High Mortality Rate From Childhood Onset Epilepsy
        • Quality-of-Life Tools
        • Epilepsy & Behavior Articles
          • Behavioral Aspects of Frontal Lobe Epilepsy
          • Comorbid Psychiatric Symptoms in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: Association with Chronicity of Epilepsy and Iimpact on Quality of Life
          • Delivering the Diagnosis of Psychogenic Pseudoseizures: Should the Neurologist or the Psychiatrist be Responsible?
          • Herbal Medicines and Epilepsy: The Potential for Benefit and Adverse Effects
          • Mood Disorders are Linked to Health-related Quality of Life in Epilepsy
          • Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Epilepsy in Children
          • Presentation, Evaluation, and Treatment of Nonconvulsive Status Epilepticus
          • Psychosis of Epilepsy: A Neurologist's Perspective
          • The Etiology and Diagnosis of Status Epilepticus
          • The Frontal Lobes, Epilepsy, and Behavior
          • The Use of Sertraline in Patients with Epilepsy: Is it Safe?
          • Vagus Nerve Stimulation for the Treatment of Epilepsy
          • When did Neurologists and Psychiatrists Stop Talking to Each Other?
        • Links
          • Recreational Therapy Organizations
          • Recreation and Leisure Activities
          • Professional Epilepsy Organizations
          • Prescription Drug Assistance Programs
          • Online and Mail-Order Pharmacies
          • Information on the Ketogenic Diet
          • Information in Other Languages
          • Informacíon en Español
          • General Health Websites
          • Epilepsy-Related Organizations
          • Epilepsy Websites
          • Epilepsy Journals
          • Devices and Equipment
          • Career and Rehabilitation
          • Brain Anatomy and Neurosciences
          • Books about Epilepsy
          • Services for Children and Their Families
        • Newsletter Archive
        • Articles and Videos
          • Extended Release Oxcarbazepine and Topiramate Approved
          • Epilepsy Must Become a Higher Government Priority
          • FDA Approves Eisai's AMPA Receptor Antagonist
          • AES Meeting in San Antonio - Highlights of the Latest Research Blog
        • Sources of Funding
        • Stories from Professionals
          • Safety First: A Nurse’s Story
          • SUDEP: A Doctor’s Struggle
          • Noncompliance: Breaking the Cycle
          • Lending Support
          • Do No Harm
          • Cultivating Compassion: One Doctor’s Journey
          • A Treasure Beyond Price
          • A Therapeutic Experience
          • A Gift of Hope
          • The Wisdom of Our Decisions
        • Tables
          • Use of Felbamate with Intractable Epilepsy
          • Types of Status Epilepticus
          • Toxins and Drugs Reported to Induce Seizures
          • Stimulants Used to Treat ADHD
          • Risk of Drug Removal by Hemodialysis
          • Responder Rates
          • Recommended Medications
          • Protocol for Treatment of Status Epilepticus
          • Prodrome and Aura in Migraine and Epilepsy
          • Pharmacokinetics of AEDs
          • Pharmacokinetics and Aging
          • Pentobarbital-Induced Anesthesia
          • Migraine without Aura
          • Migraine and Epilepsy
          • Metabolic Disorders of Infantile Seizures
          • Mechanism of Action in Commonly Used AEDs
          • Major Antimicrobial-Anticonvulsant Interactions
          • Loading and Maintenance of AEDs
          • Interactions: Antidepressants and Antiepileptic Drugs
          • IQ Scores Before and After Status Epilepticus
          • Guidelines for Status Epilepticus Treatment
          • Genetic Forms of Epilepsy
          • Factors of Late Epilepsy
          • Etiology of Seizures and Epilepsy
          • Epidemiologic, Diagnostic, and Therapeutic Aspects of CNS Fungal Infections
          • Drugs that May Lower Seizure Threshold
          • Drug Treatment
          • Differential Diagnosis of Status Epilepticus
          • Differential Diagnosis of Nocturnal Events
          • Diagnostic Criteria For ADHD
          • Complications of Status Epilepticus
          • Comparison of LKS with Autistic and Disintegrative Disorders
          • Common and Rare AED Side Effects
          • Common Symptoms of Migraine and Epilepsy
          • Common AED/Non-AED Interactions
          • Choosing Antiepileptic Drugs
          • Assessment of Seizures and Developmental Disability
          • Anxiolytic Drugs and their Metabolizing Enzymes
          • Antipsychotics and Seizure Incidence
          • Antipsychotic Drugs and their Metabolizing Enzymes
          • Antiepileptic Drugs (AEDs) in Transplantation Patients
          • Antiepileptic Drug Preparations Delivered via Enteric Tubes
          • Antidepressants and their Metabolizing Enzymes
          • Antidepressants and Seizure Incidence
          • Anticonvulsant and Antimicrobial Cytochrome P-450 Effects
          • Anesthetic Drugs and the EEG
          • Age of Onset of Epilepsy
          • AEDs for Rectal Administration
          • AED-AED interactions
          • Viral CNS Syndromes with Potential Seizure Complications

    Are you having seizures? Explore all options.

  • Living with Epilepsy
    • 24/7 Helpline
      • Patient Assistance
        • J Kiffin Penry Patient Travel Assistance Fund
        • Clinical Trial Patient Assistance Fund
      • National & Community Resources
    • About the Foundation
      • Our Leadership
        • President and CEO
        • Board of Directors
        • Business Advisory Board
        • Scientific Advisory Board
        • Staff Leadership
        • Professional Advisory Board
      • Welcome to Epilepsy.com!
      • Our Mission
      • Our Logo
      • About #DareTo
      • Contact Us
      • Our Core Values and Strategic Plan
      • International Partnership
      • Careers
      • Financial Information
        • 2015 Annual Report
          • Letter from the President and CEO
          • About the Foundation
          • About Epilepsy
          • Research and New Therapies
            • Research and New Therapy Awardees - Fall 2014
            • Research and New Therapy Awardees - Spring 2015
          • epilepsy.com
          • Advocacy
          • Community Services and Education Programs
          • Focus on SUDEP
          • National Walk for Epilepsy
          • Social Media
          • #DareTo Campaign
          • 'Talk About It for Epilepsy!' Netathon
          • Athletes vs Epilepsy
          • Building Stronger Communities
          • Local Epilepsy Foundations
          • Board of Directors
          • Business Advisory Board
          • Professional Advisory Board
          • Scientific Advisory Board
          • Epilepsy.com Editorial Board
          • Financial Report
          • Keepers of the Flame Society
      • Our Editors
        • Sloka Iyengar PhD
        • Selim Benbadis MD
        • Robert Wechsler MD, PhD
        • Robert Fisher MD, PhD
        • Patty Shafer RN, MN
        • Orrin Devinsky MD
        • Nathan B. Fountain MD
        • Mohamad Koubeissi MD
        • Matthew Hoerth MD
        • Kristine Ziemba MD, PhD
        • Katherine Noe MD, PhD
        • Joseph I. Sirven MD
        • Eric Kossoff MD
        • Elaine Kiriakopoulos MD
        • Daniel Friedman MD
        • Christianne N. Heck MD, MMM
        • Barry Gidal Pharm D
        • Anup Patel MD
        • Angel Hernandez MD
        • Amy Z. Crepeau MD
        • Steven Schachter MD
      • Epilepsy Foundation Media Page
    • Find Your Local Epilepsy Foundation
    • Find an Epilepsy Specialist
      • Find an Epilepsy Center
      • Find a Doctor
    • Our Training and Education
      • School Nurse Training
      • Seizure Training for School Personnel
      • Child Care Personnel
      • First Responder Training
        • Law Enforcement/EMS Response to Seizures
      • Seniors and Seizures Training
      • Care Coordination for Children and Youth With Epilepsy Online Training
        • Care Coordination Training Module 5
        • Care Coordination Training Module 4
        • Care Coordination Training Module 3
        • Care Coordination Training Module 2
        • Care Coordination Training Module 1
        • Care Coordination Training Module 6
      • Medical Interpreter’s Training
      • Epilepsy Research Training
      • Strategies for Success
    • Our Programs
      • SUDEP Institute
        • SUDEP Institute Advocacy Efforts
        • SUDEP Surveillance Efforts
        • SUDEP Challenge Initiative
          • Support the SUDEP Challenge Initiative
        • SUDEP Institute Updates
        • How to Become an Advocate for SUDEP Awareness
      • Wellness Institute
      • Studio E: The Epilepsy Art Program
        • What is Studio E?
        • Where can I find Studio E?
        • Studio E Stories
      • Epilepsy Foundation Individual and Family Services
      • Camps
        • Epilepsy Camps
      • Take Charge of the Facts
      • Take Charge of the Storm
      • 2018 Epilepsy Pipeline Community Day
        • 2016 Epilepsy Pipeline Community Conference
          • Early Morning Session
          • Late Morning Session
          • Afternoon Session 1 - Adults
          • Afternoon Session 2 - Children and Families
          • Late Afternoon Session
        • 2015 Epilepsy Pipeline Community Conference
    • Healthy Living
      • Healthy Eating
        • Our Wellness Institute Partner - The Charlie Foundation
        • Nutrition and Seizure Control
        • The Charlie Foundation's Pantry
          • Dill Pickle & Avocado Relish
          • The Charlie Bar
          • Spaghetti Squash is the New Pasta
          • Snap Pea and Spring Onion Salad
          • Enjoy Asparagus in Spring
          • Cool & Spicy Jicama Slaw
          • Charlie Chocolate Bites
        • Healthy Eating Video Library
      • Fitness and Exercise
        • Benefits of Exercise
        • Exercise and Epilepsy
        • Safety First: How Do I Start Exercising?
        • Basics of an Exercise Program
        • Exercise FAQs
      • Stress and Wellness
        • Causes and Signs of Stress
        • Managing Stress
        • Mindfulness & Epilepsy
      • Sleep and Wellness
    • Driving and Transportation
      • State Driving Laws Database
      • Transportation
    • Independent Living
      • Employment
        • Finding Employment
        • Disclosing Epilepsy
        • Medical Exams and Questions
        • Safety Sensitive Jobs
          • Air Traffic Controller
          • Border Patrol Agent
          • Commercial Truck Driver
          • FBI Agent
          • U.S. Postal Service Mail Carrier
          • Pilot and Other Airline Positions
          • Military Service
          • Medical Personnel (Physicians, Nurses, and Medical Residents)
          • Law Enforcement and Firefighters
        • Changing Jobs
        • Reasonable Accommodations
      • Financial Planning
        • Financial Concerns for Families
        • Financial Planning for a Child
      • Health Coverage
        • Healthcare
    • Legal Help
      • About Jeanne Carpenter
      • Your Legal Rights
      • Disability Resources
      • Finding Legal Help
      • Make a Donation
      • Resources for Attorneys
        • Social Security Benefits Briefs
        • Service Animals Briefs
        • Physician Liability Briefs
        • Insurance Briefs
        • Institutionalization Briefs
        • First Responders and Seizure Management Briefs
        • Employment Briefs
        • Education Briefs
        • Driving Briefs
        • Discrimination in Federally Funded Programs Briefs
        • Criminal Justice Briefs
        • Child Care/Camps/Rec. Programs Briefs
        • Transportation Briefs
      • Join Our Network
    • EF My Seizure Diary
      • Diary Help
      • Companion Apps Download
    • Toolbox
      • Seizure Information Forms
      • Medication and Communication Tools
      • Glossary of Terms
      • WebEase
    • For Youth
      • What Is Epilepsy?
      • FAQ for Teens
      • Living With Epilepsy
      • Talking About Epilepsy
        • Talking with Friends and Family
        • Talking with School and Medical Staff
      • Seizures In School
      • Work and College
        • Choosing a College
        • Scholarships
        • Attending College
      • Driving
      • Dating
      • Sexual Activities
      • Alcohol And Drugs
      • Sports And Safety
        • Safety During the Summer
      • Teens Resources
      • Epilepsy Quiz
        • Epilepsy Quiz - Answer Sheet
    • For Parents and Caregivers
      • Parents
      • About Newborns and Infants
        • Seizures in Newborns
        • Diagnosis of Infant Seizures
      • About Kids
        • Types of Seizures
        • Seizure First Aid
        • Diagnosing Seizures
        • Signs & Symptoms
        • Conditions Confused with Epilepsy
        • Causes of Epilepsy in Childhood
        • Seizure Triggers in Children
        • Related Conditions
        • When It's More Than Just Seizures
        • Your Medical Team
        • Treatment Options
        • Treatment with Medication
        • Managing Seizure Medications
        • How Long Do Children Need Seizure Medicine?
        • Dietary Therapy
        • Your Child at Home
        • Your Child at School and Child Care
        • Playing Sports and Other Activities
      • About Teens with Epilepsy
        • Driving and Transportation
        • Dating
        • Parent and Peer Relationships
        • Medication
        • Drugs and Alcohol
        • Employment
      • Talking to Kids about Epilepsy
      • Helping Others Understand
        • Explaining Epilepsy to Children and Family
        • Educating Teens and Adults
        • Fighting Stigma
      • Can Children Die from Epilepsy?
      • Childcare Professionals and Babysitters' Guide
        • Babysitter's Guide to First Aid
        • Managing Prolonged Seizures in Children
      • Parents Helping Parents
    • For Women
      • Women FAQ
      • For Young Women
        • Menstruation
      • For All Women
        • Contraception
        • Unplanned Pregnancy
        • Hormones And Epilepsy
        • Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
        • Epilepsy And Sexual Relationships
        • Folic Acid
        • Bone Health
      • Epilepsy and Pregnancy
        • Does Epilepsy Affect Fertility?
        • Preparing for Pregnancy
        • Risks During Pregnancy
        • Seizures, Medications and Pregnancy
        • Specific Problems Affecting Infants
        • Breastfeeding
        • After the Baby is Born
        • Discussion Checklist
      • FDA Guidelines
      • Menopause And Epilepsy
      • Studies and Registries for Women

    Create your epilepsy team

  • Make A Difference
    • Advocacy
      • Speak Up, Speak Out
      • Advocacy Priorities
        • Federal Funding for Epilepsy
        • Access to Care
        • Research & Innovation
        • Disability & Discrimination
      • Teens Speak Up!/Public Policy Institute
        • 2016 TSU Particpants
        • 2015 TSU Participants
        • 2014 TSU Participants
        • 2013 KSU Participants
        • 2012 KSU Participants
        • 2011 KSU Participants
        • 2010 KSU Participants
        • 2009 KSU Participants
      • Highlights from the Hill
      • In the States
        • State Scorecards
      • Epilepsy Advocacy Network
    • Research and New Therapies
      • Upcoming Grants
      • Innovation
        • Epilepsy Innovation Institute
          • Our Process
          • Our Team
          • Seizure Gauge Challenge
          • Supporters
          • My Brain Map Challenge
        • Epilepsy Therapy Project
          • New Therapy Commercialization Grant Program
            • New Therapy Funds Awarded
          • New Therapies Pipeline
            • Crossing the Finish Line: SAMi -- Smart Activity Monitor for Individuals
              • SAMi Helps Provide Safety and More Control to Families Living with Epilepsy and Seizures
            • Crossing the Finish Line: SmartWatch
          • Shark Tank Competition
            • Shark Tank Competition 2017
            • Shark Tank Competition 2016
            • Shark Tank Competition 2014
            • Shark Tank Competition 2013
        • Targeted Research Program
          • Targeted Research Initiative for Morbidity and Mortality
          • Targeted Research Initiative for Research Regarding Cannabidiol and Epilepsy
      • Engagement
        • The Research Roundtable in Epilepsy
        • Clinical Trials Portal Overview
          • Participate in Research
          • Find A Clinical Trial
        • 2018 Epilepsy Pipeline Conference
          • 2016 Epilepsy Pipeline Conference
            • Session I: Keynote: 2015 Epilepsy Pipeline Scorecard – Advances and Challenges
            • Session II: Epilepsy – The Five Year Mission
            • Session III: Pre-Clinical Drug Pipeline: Proof of Principle through IND
            • Session IV: Early Stage Devices
            • SUDEP Challenge / Shark Tank / Lifetime Accelerator Award
            • Day 2 Welcome
            • Session V: Social Innovation and the Power of Partnerships
            • Session VI: Therapeutic Needle: Where are the next treatments and other therapies coming from?
            • Session VII: Clinical Devices/Other
            • Session VIII: Who is investing in Epilepsy, Orphan diseases and CNS Therapy Research, and Innovation today?
            • Session IX: Clinical Drugs
          • 2014 Epilepsy Pipeline Conference
            • 2014 Pipeline Poster & Exhibitor Sessions
            • Sessions Video Archive
              • Epilepsy Pipeline 2014 - Pro Sessions
              • Epilepsy Pipeline 2014 - Family Day, Part 1
              • Epilepsy Pipeline 2014 - Family Day, Part 2
              • Epilepsy Pipeline 2014 - Family Day, Part 3
              • Epilepsy Pipeline 2014 - Family Day, Part 4
        • Conferences
          • Antiepileptic Drug Trials XIII Conference / May 2017
        • Rare Epilepsy Network (REN)
        • The Epilepsy Learning Healthcare System
      • Next Generation Scientists
        • 2017 Next Generation Scientist Awards
      • Kevin's Fellows
        • Kevin's Story
        • The Fellows
        • The Significance of Kevin's Fellows
        • Kevin's Pyramids
        • Last Pyramid
        • Joyful Remembrance
      • Research Team
        • Our Commitment
        • Meet Dr. Jacqueline French
      • News
    • Public Awareness
      • National Epilepsy Awareness Month
        • 2016 National Epilepsy Awareness Month
        • #DareTo Go the Distance
        • #DareTo Be Seizure Smart
        • 2014 National Epilepsy Awareness Month
        • 2013 National Epilepsy Awareness Month
        • Story Days Archive - 2103 National Epilepsy Awareness Month
        • Your Stories - 2103 National Epilepsy Awareness Month
      • #AimForZero: Striving Toward a Future Free from SUDEP
        • About Epilepsy and Seizures
        • About Seizure Control
        • About SUDEP: A Deadly Result of Uncontrolled Seizures
        • Take Medication as Prescribed
        • Get Enough Sleep
        • Limit Alcohol and Illicit Substances
        • Strive to Stop Seizures
        • Information and Resources for Professionals
        • #AimForZero Social Media Guide
        • Knowledge About Epilepsy and Risk Survey Findings
        • Support for #AimForZero
      • #ShareMySeizure
      • 1 in 26
      • International Epilepsy Day
      • Epilepsy Awareness Around the World
      • Last Pyramid
      • Start a Conversation About Epilepsy and Seizures
      • Rick Harrison of 'Pawn Stars' Partners with Epilepsy Foundation to Raise Awareness About Seizures
    • Talk About It!
      • More About TalkAboutIt.org
      • Watch the 2016 Talk About It Experience Videos
      • Who's Your Epilepsy Hero?
      • ‘Talk About It!’: Live from Hollywood, a 8-Hour Netathon!
        • Charity Auction
    • Get Involved
      • Community Action Network
      • Athletes vs Epilepsy
        • Choose Your Own Event
      • National Walk for Epilepsy
        • 'Man in Your Corner' by Sleepy Man
      • Kids Crew
        • Themed Pins
        • Videos
        • Anders' Story
        • Chase's Story
        • Christopher's Story
        • Ellie's Story
        • Jamin and Jaycie's Story
        • Murphy's Story
        • Nadia's Story
        • Tatumn's Story
        • Will and Charolet's Story
      • Lemonade for Livy
      • Purple Pumpkin Project
      • Twenty-20s Epilepsy Awareness Group
      • Pawn Stars Poker Run
    • Careers
      • Benefits
      • Wellness Institute Mental Health Program Manager
      • Special Event Intern
      • Project Manager
      • Program Coordinator - Metropolitan Washington
      • Director of Wellness Institute
    • Online Store
    • Your Gift Matters
    • Ways to Give
      • Make A Gift
      • Donate Clothing and Household Goods
        • How to Donate
        • Frequently Asked Questions
        • Tax-Deductible Donations
        • Acceptable Items
      • Corporate Partnerships
        • Thank You, Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc.!
        • Additional Website Partners
      • A Donor Bill of Rights
    • The Power of Stories
      • Elisabeth & Kim's Story
      • Why Kerri Walks
      • This is My Story by Barbra Buoy
      • My Studio E Journey
      • Meet Tracy
      • Meet Kevin
      • Epilepsy Advocacy: The Journey that Never Ends

    Help find the answers now

  • Connect
    • Chat
    • Community Forums
    • Terms of Use, Disclaimer for Warranties and Liabilities
    • Join our Grassroots Advocacy
    • Contact Us
    • Get Social!
      • #DareTo Go the Distance
      • #DareTo Be Seizure Smart
      • 2015 Back To School
      • #DareTo Launch
      • 2014 Back to School
      • Epilepsy and Family
    • Do-It-Yourself Fundraising
    • My Seizure Diary
    • 24/7 Helpline
    • Share Your Story
    • Hallway Conversations

    Join the epilepsy.com community. Always here for you.

  • mobile-menu-logo
  • donate
  • sign in
  • find us
  1. Learn
  2. Diagnosis
  3. Diagnosis 101
  4. Why Is My Doctor Ordering Other Tests to Evaluate My Seizures?

Why Is My Doctor Ordering Other Tests to Evaluate My Seizures?

Learn

  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis 101
      • Why See a Doctor?
      • What Kind of Doctor is Best?
      • What Will the Doctor Do?
      • What Tests Are Needed?
      • Why Is My Doctor Ordering Other Tests to Evaluate My Seizures?
      • What If It's Not Epilepsy?
    • You and Your Healthcare Team
      • Visiting The Doctor
      • Nurses
      • Physician Assistants
      • EEG Technologists
      • Neuropsychologists
      • Psychologists
      • Social Workers And Counselors
      • Psychiatrists
      • Vocational Rehabilitation Counselors
      • Pharmacists
      • Occupational Therapists
      • Second Opinions
    • Medical History
    • Physical Exam
    • Neurological Exam
    • EEG
      • What If It's Normal?
      • Procedure
      • Which EEG type is best for you?
      • Ambulatory EEG
      • Video EEG
      • Where It's Performed
      • Special Electrodes
      • How to Read an EEG
    • Looking at the Brain
      • Computed Tomography (CT)
      • MRI
        • Why it's Performed
        • MRI Procedure
      • SPECT
      • PET
      • MEG (magnetoencephalography)
    • Genetic Testing
    • Seizure Imitators
      • Breath-Holding Spells
      • Seizures and Multiple Sclerosis
  • About Epilepsy: The Basics
    • What is Epilepsy?
      • A Revised Definition of Epilepsy
    • What is a Seizure?
    • What Happens During a Seizure?
    • Who Gets Epilepsy?
    • What Causes a Seizure?
    • What Are the Risk Factors?
    • Is Epilepsy Inherited?
    • Will I Always Have Epilepsy?
    • How Serious Are Seizures?
    • Facts about Seizures and Epilepsy
  • Types of Seizures
    • Focal Aware Seizures
    • Focal Impaired Awareness Seizures
    • Bilateral Tonic-clonic Seizures
    • Absence Seizures
    • Atypical Absence Seizures
    • Tonic-clonic Seizures
    • Atonic Seizures
    • Clonic Seizures
    • Tonic Seizures
    • Myoclonic Seizures
    • Gelastic and Dacrystic Seizures
    • Febrile Seizures
    • Nonepileptic Seizures
    • Refractory Seizures
    • New Terms for Seizure Classification
  • Types of Epilepsy Syndromes
    • Angelman Syndrome
    • Autosomal Dominant Nocturnal Frontal Lobe Epilepsy (ADNFLE)
    • Benign Rolandic Epilepsy
    • CDKL5 Disorder
    • Childhood Absence Epilepsy
    • Doose Syndrome
    • Dravet Syndrome
    • Early Myoclonic Encephalopathy (EME)
    • Epilepsy of Infancy with Migrating Focal Seizures
    • Epilepsy with Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures Alone
    • Epilepsy with Myoclonic-Absences
    • Epileptic Encephalopathy With Continuous Spike and Wave During Sleep (CSWS)
    • Frontal Lobe Epilepsy
    • Glut1 Deficiency Syndrome
    • Hypothalamic Hamartoma
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
    • Infantile Spasms (West's Syndrome) and Tuberous Sclerosis Complex
      • Characteristics
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
      • Outlook
      • Resources and References
    • Juvenile Absence Epilepsy
    • Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy
    • Lafora Progressive Myoclonus Epilepsy
    • Landau-Kleffner Syndrome
    • Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome (LGS)
      • Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome Overview
      • Who develops LGS?
      • Characteristics
      • Causes
      • Seizure Types
      • Seizure Emergencies
      • Diagnosis
      • Treatment
        • Seizure Medications
        • Dietary Therapies
        • Surgery
        • Vagus Nerve Stimulation
        • LGS Treatment Roundtable
      • Family Issues
      • Resources
    • Neurocutaneous Syndromes
      • Incontinentia Pigmenti
      • Neurofibromatosis Type 1
      • Sturge Weber Syndrome (Encephalotrigeminal Angiomatosis)
      • Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC)
    • Ohtahara Syndrome
    • PCDH19 Epilepsy
    • Panayiotopoulos Syndrome
    • Progressive Myoclonic Epilepsies
    • Rasmussen's Syndrome
    • Reflex Epilepsies
    • Ring Chromosome 20 Syndrome
    • SCN8A-Related Epilepsy
    • Self-induced Photosensitive Epilepsy (Sunflower Syndrome)
    • TBCK-related ID Syndrome
    • Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
  • Triggers of Seizures
    • Missed Medicines
    • Lack of Sleep and Epilepsy
    • Stress and Epilepsy
    • Alcohol
    • Drug Abuse
    • Menstruation
    • Photosensitivity and Epilepsy
    • Other Triggers of Seizures
    • Nutritional Deficiencies
    • Over-The-Counter Medications
  • Treating Seizures and Epilepsy
    • Treatment 101: The Basics
      • What’s First?
      • What You Need To Do
      • If First Medicine Doesn't Work
      • When Medicines Do Not Work
    • Seizure Medications List
    • Seizure and Epilepsy Medicines
      • Treatments of Status Epilepticus and Cluster Seizures: Available and Emerging Therapies
      • First Seizure
      • Choosing a First Medicine
      • Finding the Best Dosage
      • How Medicines Work
      • How Long Until It Works?
      • Blood Testing
      • Common Concerns
      • Importance of Adherence
      • Side Effects
      • Drug Interactions
      • Stopping Medication
      • How to Read A Package Insert
      • Treatment Guidelines
      • Seizure Medications and Pregnancy
        • Antiepileptic Drug Pregnancy Registry
    • Surgery
      • Surgery Candidates
      • Surgery Expectations
      • Pre-Surgery Tests
        • Video EEG Monitoring with Invasive Electrodes
        • Brain Mapping
        • Wada Test
      • Types of Surgeries
        • Temporal Lobectomy
        • Frontal Lobectomy
        • Parietal and Occipital Lobectomy
        • Hemispherectomy
        • Multiple Subpial Transections
        • Corpus Callosotomy
        • LITT (Thermal Ablation)
          • An Update on a Pilot Study on Visualase
          • More about LITT (Thermal Ablation)
      • Outlook After Surgery
      • Life After Surgery
    • Dietary Therapies
      • Ketogenic Diet
      • KetoNews
      • Modified Atkins Diet
      • Low Glycemic Index Treatment
    • Devices
      • Vagus Nerve Stimulation
        • Placement, Programming and Safety of Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS)
      • Responsive Neurostimulation
        • Placement, Programming and Safety of Responsive Neurostimulation (RNS)
      • External Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation
    • Other Treatment Approaches
      • Herbal Therapy
      • Medical Marijuana and Epilepsy
        • True or False Quiz: 10 Things to Know about Medical Cannabis
        • 2017 Glossary of Cannabinoid Terms
    • Clinical Trials
  • Quality Care in Epilepsy
    • How Do I Know I Am Getting the Best Care
      • First Diagnosed
      • If Seizures Do Not Stop and Medication Side Effects
      • Women of Child‐bearing Age
      • Questions to Ask Your Doctor
      • Managing Continued Seizures
      • The Comprehensive Epilepsy Center
    • Seizures in Adults
      • Diagnosing Epilepsy in Adults
      • Treating Epilepsy in Adults
      • Quality Care and Quality of Life
  • Seizure First Aid and Safety
    • General First Aid Steps
    • Adapting First Aid Plans
      • First Aid
        • Simple Partial Seizures
        • Complex Partial Seizures
        • Absence Seizures
        • Atonic and Tonic Seizures
        • Tonic-Clonic Seizures
        • Help After a Seizure
        • Calling an Ambulance
        • What Else Can I Do to Help?
        • First Aid Resources
      • Seizures in Water
    • Responding to Seizures
      • Using Rescue Medications
      • Using VNS Magnet
    • Getting Emergency Help
    • Staying Safe
      • Recognizing Risks
      • Types of Injuries
      • Safety at Home
      • Safety While Sleeping
      • Safety in the Kitchen
      • Safety at Work
      • Safety with Exercise and Sports
      • Safety at Camp
      • Seizure Dogs
        • General Rights of Individuals with Service Animals
        • Personal Story of a Seizure Dog
        • Seizure 'Predicting' Dogs
      • Infographic
      • Fall Safely
  • Managing Your Epilepsy
    • Managing My Seizures 101
      • Epilepsy Self Management
      • My Health Care Team
      • Working With Your Epilepsy Team
      • Staying in Touch with Your Health Care Team
      • Assessing My Readiness, Risks And Needs
      • Setting Priorities And Taking Actions
    • My Seizures Know More
    • #DareTo Go the Distance
      • A Seizure is Suspected: Getting Diagnosed
      • A Seizure is Suspected: Your Role
      • Creating My Health Care Team
      • At the Beginning of Your Treatment Journey
      • When Seizures Persist or Side Effects are a Problem
      • Managing Your Epilepsy
      • Finding Help and Support on Your Journey
    • Understanding Seizures and Emergencies
      • Importance of Preventing Seizures and Other Problems
      • Warning Signs of Seizures
      • What Is A Seizure Emergency
    • Tracking My Seizures
      • Importance of Tracking Seizures
      • Observing Seizures
      • Using Seizure Diaries
    • Managing Triggers
      • How to Identify Seizure Triggers
      • Medication Adherence
      • ABCs for Managing Seizure Triggers
      • Tips for Lifestyle Modification
        • Noises
        • Bright, Flashing, or Flourescent Lights
        • Sleep
        • Exercise and Epilepsy: What Should I do?
        • Exercise and Hyperventilation
        • Diet
        • Hormonal Changes
        • Illness, Fever, Trauma
        • Stress, Anxiety, Depression
    • Seizure Drills
    • Using Rescue Treatments
      • Diastat 101
        • How do you know if the proper dose of Diastat has been set?
        • How is Diastat given?
        • How long does it take for Diastat to work?
        • What are common side effects of Diastat?
        • Is any special monitoring needed when Diastat is given?
      • Oral Rescue Medicines 101
        • What are lorazepam and diazepam used for?
        • How is lorazepam or diazepam given?
        • How long does it take to work?
        • What are some common side effects?
        • Is special monitoring needed?
      • VNS Therapy 101
        • Building VNS Therapy into Seizure First Aid
        • Using the VNS Magnet to Stop Seizures
        • Using the VNS Magnet to Turn Off Stimulation
        • Safety Tips for VNS Magnet Use
    • Seizure Response Plans
    • Safety Plans
    • Adapting Plans for Travel
      • Making Travel Plans
      • Types of Travel and Vacations
      • Preparing for the Possibility of Seizures
      • Managing Medications while Traveling
      • Travel Tips for VNS and Other Treatments
      • Using Preparedness Plans and Other Resources
      • Teaching Others
      • Summary
    • Summer Camp
      • Choosing a Summer Camp
      • Understanding Types of Camps
      • Evaluating Camps
      • Preparing Staff for Seizure Management
      • Using Seizure Response Plans
      • Participating in Camp Activities
      • Tips to Enhance Camp Participation
      • Staying Safe at Camp
      • Water Safety
      • Summary
    • Self Management Programs
      • PEARLS
      • Texting 4 Control
      • UPLIFT
      • FOCUS
    • Emotional Response
    • Knowing Seizures And Emergencies
  • Seizure and Epilepsy News
    • Epilepsy & Behavior Journal
      • Select Journal Abstracts
        • 4th Biennial Epilepsy Pipeline Update Conference Recap
        • A Standardized Diagnostic Approach and Ongoing Feedback Improves Outcome in Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures
        • An Evaluation of the Impact of Memory and Mood on Antiepileptic Drug Adherence
        • Changes in Attitudes of US Adults toward People with Epilepsy
        • Changing the Approach to Treatment Choice in Epilepsy Using Big Data
        • Clinical and Economic Burden of Breakthrough Seizures
        • Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults with Epilepsy: Characterization and Risk Factor Analysis
        • Determinants of Felt Stigma in Epilepsy
        • Differential Impact of Contraceptive Methods on Seizures Varies by Antiepileptic Drug Category
        • Establishing an Adult Epilepsy Diet Center: Experience, Efficacy, and Challenges
        • Health Care Costs and Use Related to Long or Short Acting Seizure Medications (AEDs) when Used Alone
        • In Focus: The Everyday Lives of Families of Adult Individuals with Epilepsy
        • Long-term Seizure and Psychosocial Outcomes of Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Intractable Epilepsy
        • Perspectives on Seizure Clusters: Gaps in Lexicon, Awareness, and Treatment
        • Predicting Drug Resistance in Adult Patients with Generalized Epilepsy: A Case Control Study
        • Self-control of Epileptic Seizures by Nonpharmacological Strategies
        • Severity of Self-reported Insomnia in Adults with Epilepsy is Related to Comorbid Medical Disorders and Depressive Symptoms
        • Should we stop saying “epileptic”? A Comparison of the Effect of the Terms “Epileptic” and “Person with Epilepsy”
        • Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression in School-aged Children with Active Epilepsy
        • Temporal Lobe Epilepsy is a Predisposing Factor for Sleep Apnea: A Questionnaire Study in Video-EEG Monitoring Unit
        • Use of Antiepileptic Drugs During Pregnancy and Lactation: Type of information provided by searching Google
        • A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Manual-based Psychosocial Group Intervention for Young People with Epilepsy (PIE)
        • Association between antiepileptic drug dose and long-term response in patients with refractory epilepsy
        • Association of Sleep with Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy
        • Becoming Comfortable with "My" Epilepsy: Strategies that Patients Use in the Journey from Diagnosis to Acceptance and Disclosure
        • Bursts of High-frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS), Together with Lorazepam, Suppress Seizures in a Rat Kainate Status Epilepticus Model
        • Community-based Rehabilitation Offers Cost-effective Epilepsy Treatment in Rural Guinea-Bissau
        • Counseling by Epileptologists Affects Contraceptive Choices of Women with Epilepsy
        • Diagnostic Accuracy of Audio-based Seizure Detection in Patients with Severe Epilepsy and an Intellectual Disability
        • Epidemiology of Neurocysticercosis and Epilepsy, is Everything Described?
        • Epilepsy by the Numbers: Epilepsy Deaths by Age, Race/Ethnicity, and Gender in the United States Significantly Increased from 2005 to 2014
        • Folic Acid Use by Women with Epilepsy: Findings of the Epilepsy Birth Control Registry
        • How do you exercise with epilepsy? Insights into the Barriers and Adaptations to Successfully Exercise with Epilepsy
        • Ictal Bradyarrhythmias and Asystole Requiring Pacemaker Implantation
        • Mortality in Dravet syndrome: A review
        • Most Antidepressant Drugs Are Safe for Patients with Epilepsy at Therapeutic Doses: A Review of the Evidence
        • Parental Stress, Pediatric Quality of Life, and Behavior at Baseline and One-year Follow-up: Results from the FEBSTAT Study
        • Psychiatric and Behavioral Side Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs in Adults with Epilepsy
        • Seizure-related Variables are Predictive of Attention and Memory in Children with Epilepsy
        • Social Media in Epilepsy: A Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis
        • The Efficacy of an Educational Program for Parents of Children with Epilepsy (FAMOSES)
        • The Impact of Stereotactic Laser Ablation at a Typical Epilepsy Center
        • The Role of Executive Functioning in Quality of Life in Pediatric Intractable Epilepsy
        • Understanding the Self-management Skills of Persons with Epilepsy
        • Utility of Long-term Video-EEG Monitoring for Children with Staring
        • Visual Field Defects Following Different Resective Procedures for Mesiotemporal Lobe Epilepsy
      • Epilepsy Foundation Editorials
        • Epilepsy Foundation Efforts to Reduce the Impact of Epilepsy-Related Comorbidities: We Can’t Wait
        • The Epilepsy Pipeline Conference: Accelerating Hope
        • The New Partnership Between Epilepsy & Behavior and the Epilepsy Foundation
        • Advancing Public Policy for Epilepsy: The Epilepsy Foundation’s Public Police Institute and Teens Speak Up! Programs
        • The Epilepsy Foundation Leads in the Rare Epilepsy Network PCORI Award
        • Epilepsy Matters!
        • Epilepsy Foundation “#DareTo” Campaign
        • Epilepsy Foundation Public Awareness Campaigns – 2001 through 2013
        • National Walk for Epilepsy
        • Epilepsy Matters: Response to the CDC Report on Death in Children with Epilepsy
        • Saluting our Leaders
        • The Epilepsy Foundation is the Voice of People with Epilepsy and Their Families
        • Stronger Together: The Epilepsy Therapy Project and Epilepsy Foundation decide to merge - Our personal stories and reflections
        • People with Epilepsy as Partners in Research
    • Keto News
      • GLUT1 Deficiency Syndrome and the Ketogenic Diet
      • What to Do When Your Child Grows Up and Still Needs the Diet?
      • Continuing to Combat the Fear of High Cholesterol
      • Fasting and Absence Epilepsy: Reassessing Both in 2013
      • 3rd International Ketogenic Diet Symposium Recap
      • The Road to the Ketogenic Diet
      • Welcome to Chicago! The 3rd International Ketogenic Diet Conference
      • High Fat and Curry? A Trip to Witness the Indianization of the Ketogenic Diet
      • Top 10 Ketogenic Diet-Related Articles from 2011
      • Dietary Treatments and Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome
      • What to Do When it’s Time to Stop?
      • Summer Reading on the Ketogenic Diet 2011
      • EEGs and the Ketogenic Diet
      • Diets and Adults: an Update for 2011
      • Top 10 Dietary Treatment Articles of 2010
      • Will My Child Get a Heart Attack?!? No! Long-term Use of the Diet is Safe!
      • New York Times Magazine Cover Story on Ketogenic Diet Therapy for Epilepsy
      • Excitement in Edinburgh: Report from the 2nd International Dietary Therapies Meeting
      • October in Edinburgh! Ketogenic Diets 2nd Biannual Conference
      • Infantile Spasms and the Diet: The Evidence Grows
      • The Ketogenic Diet Up North
      • American Epilepsy Society Annual Meeting Recap
      • Top 10 Articles of 2009
      • 911: Using Ketogenic Diets for Emergencies
      • Can You "Fine-Tune" the Ketogenic Diet?
      • Side Effects on the Diet: Prevention, Not Just Treatment
      • The Ketogenic Diet in a Bottle?
      • Diet Therapy for Epilepsy in the Mideast
      • Why is this Night Different from All Other Nights? Mixing Ketogenic Diets and Passover
      • Is There a Right Way to Do the Diet? The Consensus Statement is Published!
      • Does Ketosis Matter? Discussion at the 2008 American Epilepsy Society
      • Top 10 Ketogenic Diet Articles for 2008
      • A Remembrance of Life on the Ketogenic Diet 60 Years Later!
      • Using the Diet for Epilepsy First?
      • Siblings and the Ketogenic Diet
      • Grace’s Magic Diet: A Child’s Story
      • Ketogenic Diets: Not Just for Epilepsy any Longer
      • Ketogenic Diet Centers in the United States
      • Newly-released Results from a Randomized and Controlled Study of the Ketogenic Diet in London
      • The First International Dietary Treatments for Epilepsy and other Neurologic Disorders Meeting Report
      • The Ketogenic Diet and Antiepileptic Drugs: A Good Mix?
      • Ketogenic Recipes for Easter and Passover
      • Let’s Meet! Exciting Past (and Future) Ketogenic Diet Conferences
      • Hearts, Flowers, and Almond Bread
      • Top 10 Ketogenic Diet Articles in the Medical Literature of 2007
      • Winter Holidays
      • Side Effects on the Ketogenic Diet: Identification and Treatment
      • A Happy Ketogenic Thanksgiving
      • Laboratory Notes on the Ketogenic Diet
      • Try It: They Might Like It!
      • The MCT Diet
      • A Mother's Plan for the Ketogenic Diet
      • Preparing Yourself, Your Family, and Your Child for the Ketogenic Diet
      • The Low Glycemic Index Treatment and the Ketogenic Diet
      • Modified Atkins Diet – More on the Plate than Ever
      • Do Ketogenic Diets Work for Adults with Epilepsy? Yes!
      • Ketogenic Diet Research
    • Basic Science of Epilepsy
    • PubMed Articles Feeds
  • Early Death and SUDEP
    • SUDEP
      • SUDEP FAQ
      • How SUDEP Occurs
      • What does the 2017 SUDEP Guideline mean for me?
      • Preventing SUDEP
      • SUDEP Resources
      • SUDEP Webinars and Presentations
      • The Role of Seizure Alerts
        • Brain Sentinel® Monitoring and Alerting (SPEAC) System
      • SUDEP News
      • SUDEP Research Efforts
      • Support for Bereaved
      • Bereavement Support Articles
      • SUDEP Action Day
      • Talking About SUDEP
      • #DareTo Say SUDEP
      • #DareTo Say SUDEP Infographic
      • SUDEP Stories
        • One Family Dares Doctors to Talk About SUDEP
        • A Plea from a Family: Talk about SUDEP
        • Mom to Young Adults: #DareTo Ask for Help in Managing Seizures
        • #DareTo Say SUDEP: A Daughter’s Perspective
        • #DareTo Contact the Epilepsy Foundation and the North American SUDEP Registry
        • #DareTo Initiate the SUDEP Conversation – It May Save a Life
        • #DareTo Say SUDEP and Make Informed Choices
        • Dare to Attend PAME 2016
        • Dare to Say NORSE
        • Jane’s Journey for SUDEP Action
        • Mom and Nurse: #DareTo Advocate for Adults Living with Epilepsy
        • Omissions Can Be Deadly
        • Understanding My Risk for SUDEP
    • Suicide
  • Refractory Epilepsy (Difficult to Treat Seizures)
    • The Comprehensive Epilepsy Center
    • Treating Refractory Epilepsy
  • Challenges with Epilepsy
    • Seizure Emergencies
      • Seizure Clusters
      • Status Epilepticus
    • Injuries and Illnesses
    • Thinking and Memory
      • Thinking Memory and Epilepsy
      • Diagnosing and Treating Memory Problems
      • Memory And Seizures
      • Types Of Memory Problems
      • Causes of Memory Problems
      • Top Ten Memory Complaints
      • Memory Techniques
    • Moods and Behavior
      • Medications And Mood
      • Mood and Behavior 101
        • Effects on Behavior
        • Moods and Behavior
        • Stress, Mood, and Seizures
        • Mood and Personality Changes
        • Anxiety
        • Aggression
        • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
        • Psychosis
      • Mood and Behavior Advanced
        • Interictal Problems
        • Psychosis
        • Anxiety Disorders
        • Impaired Attention
        • Depression
        • Diagnosis
        • Therapy Options
        • Conclusion
      • Cognitive Therapies
    • Sleep and Epilepsy
      • What is Sleep?
      • How Does Sleep Affect the EEG?
      • Sleep And Age
      • Drowsiness And Memory
      • Sleep Disruption
      • Sleep Disorders
      • Getting A Good Night's Sleep
      • Sleep And AEDS
    • Bone Health
    • Social Concerns
    • Risks During Pregnancy
  • Special Populations
    • African Americans
      • African American Outreach
      • Furthering Campus-Community Partnerships for Epilepsy Education
    • Asian Americans
    • La Epilepsia
      • ¿Qué es epilepsia?
        • Información sobre la epilepsia
        • El diagnostico de la epilepsia
        • Tratando la epilepsia
        • Tipos de Convulsiones/ataques
        • Primeros auxilios para convulsiones o ataques
        • Encuentre un médico
        • El cerebro
        • La Genética y la Epilepsia
      • Cómo vivir con Epilepsia
        • Cómo mantenerse saludable
        • Mujeres, embarazo y niños
        • Ancianos
        • Infancia
      • Recursos
        • Cómo ayudar a los seres queridos
        • Para profesionales
        • Preguntas más frecuentes y sus respuestas
        • Alianzas Estratégicas
        • Historias que nos inspiran
        • Obtenga la información más reciente
          • Epilepsia, la enfermedad olvidada en América Latina
          • Estatus epiléptico: Reto para el médico de sala de emergencia
          • Un estudio respalda el vínculo entre el estrés y los ataques epilépticos
        • Materiales educativos
      • Conexiones Locales
    • En Espanol
      • Cómo Manejar La Epilepsia Y Las Crisis Epilépticas
    • Men and Epilepsy
    • Seniors and Epilepsy
      • Seniors With Epilepsy
      • Types of Seizures
      • Seizure Recognition And First Aid
      • Causes Of Epilepsy
      • Getting A Diagnosis
      • Effects Of Epilepsy Medications
      • Side Effects
      • Falls During Seizures
      • Treating Epilepsy In Seniors
      • Effects Of Epilepsy On Seniors
      • Living Independently
      • Safety Issues
      • Caregivers
    • For Veterans
      • For Family Members
      • For Healthcare Professionals
      • Veterans Program
  • Learning Network
    • Webinar Archive
  • Professionals
    • Seizures in Adults (Connectors Project)
    • AAN/AES SUDEP Guideline for Professionals
    • Epilepsy Innovation Institute
    • Hallway Conversations
      • AEDs and Seniors
      • Can Dogs Detect Seizures?
      • Epilepsy and Exercise: A Hallway Conversation
      • Evaluation of the First Seizure(s)
      • Felbamate: Consensus of Current Clinical Experience
      • Generic Substitution: Why the Controversy?
      • Physician Reporting of Patients When Seizures May Affect Driving
      • Pregnancy and Seizure Medications
      • Prognosis for Seizure Recurrence in Seizure-Free Patients after Stopping AEDs
      • Rufinamide
      • Should Patients or Their Families be Told of the Risk of SUDEP?
      • Using Provocative Tests to Diagnose PNES
      • Valproate May Increase Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes
    • GW Grand Rounds Series
    • Epilepsy Foundation Pipeline Conferences
      • Epilepsy Pipeline 2014 - Session I & II
      • Epilepsy Pipeline 2014 - Session III
      • Epilepsy Pipeline 2014 - Session IV
      • Epilepsy Pipeline 2014 - Session V, VI and Lifetime Accelerator Award
      • Epilepsy Pipeline 2014 - Session VII
      • Epilepsy Pipeline 2014 - Session VIII
      • Epilepsy Pipeline 2014 - Session IX, Shark Tank Competition and Closing Remarks
    • Joint Content Partnership with AES
      • Epilepsy Comorbidities
      • How Device Trials Work
      • Patient Safety in the Epilepsy Monitoring Unit
      • PAME Conference Wrapup Podcast
      • Podcast on Epilepsy Surgery
      • SUDEP FAQ for Professionals
      • Biomarkers in Epilepsy: The Latest Research
      • Cannabinoids in Medically Refractory Epilepsy
      • Epilepsy Quality Measures
      • First Seizure Guidelines
      • Generic Antiepileptic Drugs - Results of FDA Research
      • My Seizures, Know More
      • New Status Epilepticus Guidelines
      • New Treatment Strategies For Neurodevelopmental Epilepsies
      • New-Onset Refractory Status Epilepticus (NORSE)
      • Obstacles in Epilepsy Diagnosis: If You Don't Ask, They Won't Tell
      • Podcast on Electrophysiological Biomarkers
      • Seizure Emergencies
      • Service Dogs
      • The Complex Relationship Between Autism Spectrum Disorders and Epilepsy
    • Educational Webcasts & Web Links
      • AED Mechanisms of Actions Roundtable
      • Adverse Effects Related to Medication Roundtable
      • An Algorithm on the Diagnosis of Nonlesional Epilepsy
      • An Algorithm on the Treatment of Epilepsy in Patients with a Normal MRI
      • Treatment for Patients with Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome Roundtable
    • About Epilepsy & Seizures
      • Classifying Seizures
        • Distinguishing Factors
        • Generalized Seizures
          • Absence
          • Atonic
          • Clonic
          • Myoclonic
          • Tonic
          • Tonic-clonic
        • Nonepileptic Seizures
          • Causes
          • Diagnosis
            • Clues from the History
            • Clues from the Event
            • Video-EEG Monitoring
          • Talking to the Patient
          • Treatment and Outlook
          • Readings
        • References
        • Status Epilepticus
          • Convulsive SE
            • Complications and Prognosis
            • Symptoms and Causes
          • Less Obvious SE
          • Diagnosing SE
          • Managing Status Epilepticus
            • Phenytoin and Fosphenytoin
            • Valproic Acid
            • Phenobarbital
            • Diazepam
            • Lorazepam
            • Midazolam and Clonazepam
            • Continuous Anesthesia for Refractory SE
            • Medical Treatment of Other Forms of SE
            • Troubleshooting
          • Readings
      • Overview of Epilepsy Syndromes
        • Benign Familial Neonatal Seizures
        • Benign Neonatal Convulsions
        • Benign Rolandic
        • CEOP
        • Childhood Absence (Pyknolepsy)
        • Early Myoclonic Encephalopathy
        • Grand Mal Seizures on Awakening
        • Infant Benign Myoclonic
        • Infant Severe Myoclonic
        • Infantile Spasms
        • Juvenile Absence
        • Juvenile Myoclonic
        • Landau-Kleffner Syndrome
        • Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome
        • Myoclonic Absences
        • Myoclonic-Astatic Seizures
        • Ring Chromosome 20 Syndrome
          • Ring Chromosome 20 Symptom List
        • Slow Sleep Spikes and Waves
        • Unverricht-Lundborg Disease
        • References
      • Neonatal Epileptic Seizures and Syndromes
        • Benign Familial Neonatal Seizures
        • Benign Neonatal Seizures (Non-Familial)
        • Early Myoclonic Encephalopathy
        • Ohtahara Syndrome
      • Idiopathic Epileptic Seizures and Syndromes in Infancy
        • Benign Familial and Non-Familial Infantile Seizures (Watanabe-Vigevano Syndrome)
        • Benign Myoclonic Epilepsy in Infancy
        • Febrile Seizures
        • Generalized Epilepsies with Febrile Seizures Plus (GEFS ; Autosomal Dominant Epilepsy with Febrile Seizures Plus)
      • Epileptic Encephalopathies in Infancy and Childhood
        • Dravet Syndrome (Severe Myoclonic Epilepsy in Infancy)
        • Epilepsy with Continuous Spikes and Waves During Slow-Wave Sleep (Electrical Status Epilepticus During Slow-Wave Sleep)
        • Hypothalamic (Gelastic) Epilepsy
        • Landau-Kleffner Syndrome (Acquired Epileptic Aphasia)
        • Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome
        • Myoclonic Status in Non-Progressive Encephalopathies
        • West Syndrome (Infantile Spasms)
      • Severe Neocortical Epileptic Syndromes in Infancy and Childhood
        • Epilepsia Partialis Continua of Kozhevnikov
        • Hemiconvulsion-Hemiplegia Epilepsy Syndrome
        • Kozhevnikov-Rasmussen Syndrome
        • Migrating Focal Seizures of Infancy
      • Benign Childhood Focal Seizures
        • Benign Childhood Epilepsy with Centrotemporal Spikes (Rolandic Seizures)
        • Gastaut-Type Idiopathic Childhood Occipital Epilepsy
        • Panayiotopoulos Syndrome
      • Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsies
        • Childhood Absence Epilepsy
        • Epilepsy with Myoclonic Absences
        • Epilepsy with Myoclonic-Astatic Seizures (Doose Syndrome)
        • Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy with Generalized Tonic Clonic Seizures Only
        • Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy with Phantom Absences
        • Juvenile Absence Epilepsy
        • Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy (JME; Janz Syndrome)
        • Perioral Myoclonia with Absences
      • Familial (Autosomal Dominant) Focal Epilepsies
        • Autosomal Dominant Nocturnal Frontal Lobe Epilepsy (ADNFLE)
        • Familial Autosomal Dominant Lateral Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (Autosomal Dominant Focal Epilepsy with Auditory Features)
        • Familial Focal Epilepsy with Variable Foci
        • Familial Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
      • Symptomatic and Probably Symptomatic Focal Epilepsies
        • Common Frontal Lobe Seizures Depending on Localization
        • Frontal Lobe Epilepsies
        • Lateral Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
        • Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy with Hippocampal Sclerosis
        • Occipital Lobe Epilepsies
        • Parietal Lobe Epilepsies
        • Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE)
      • Reflex Seizures and Related Epileptic Syndromes
        • Idiopathic Photosensitive Occipital Lobe Epilepsy
        • Idiopathic Reading Epilepsy
        • Jeavons Syndrome (Eyelid Myoclonia with Absences)
        • Photosensitive Epilepsy
        • Self-Induced Seizures
        • Startle Epilepsy (Startle-Induced Seizures)
        • Television Epilepsy
        • Video Game-Induced Seizures (VGS)
      • Hormones and Epilepsy
        • Catamenial Epilepsy
          • Patterns and Causes
          • Evaluation
          • Treatment
        • Effects on Other Hormones
        • Female Reproductive Endocrine Function
          • Evaluating Reproductive Dysfunction
        • Female Sexuality/Reproduction and AEDs
        • Male Reproductive Endocrine Function
        • Male Sexuality/Reproduction and AEDs
        • Menarche
        • Menopause and Perimenopause
        • Other Hormonal Systems and AEDs
        • Postictal Prolactin Testing
        • Reproductive issues
          • Contraception
          • Fertility
          • Obstetrical Risks
          • Seizures During Pregnancy
          • AED Management During Pregnancy
          • Teratogenicity
          • Monitoring Pregnancy in Women with Epilepsy
          • Breastfeeding
        • References
      • Psychiatric and Behavioral Aspects
        • Effects of Treatment
        • Evaluating Psychiatric Symptoms
        • Influence of Seizure Types
        • Interictal Behaviors of TLE
        • Psychiatric Predispositions
        • Psychiatric Symptoms
          • Depression
          • Psychosis
          • Forced Normalization
          • Aggression
          • Other Psychiatric Symptoms
        • Treatment of Psychiatric Complications
        • Readings
    • Co-Existing Disorders
      • Brain Tumors
        • Pathophysiology
        • Clues to anatomic location
        • Neuroimaging
        • Astrocytoma
        • Oligodendroglioma
        • Ganglioglioma
        • DNETs
        • Meningioma
        • Metastatic
        • Treatment
        • Prophylaxis
        • AED Treatment
        • Surgical Planning and Prep
        • Postoperative Complications
        • Future Trends
        • References
      • Cardiac Disorders
        • Arrhythmias
        • Assessment: Neurologic or Cardiac?
        • Complications
        • Congenital Heart Disease
        • Managing Cardiac Disease
        • Managing Epilepsy
        • Myocardial Infarction
        • References
        • Valve Disease
      • Cerebrovascular Disease
        • Ischemic Etiologies
        • Hemorrhagic Etiologies
        • Other Etiologies
        • Epidemiology of Stroke
        • Incidence and Risk Factors for Seizures
        • Types of Seizures
        • Assessment of Seizures
        • Differential Diagnosis
        • Treatment of Seizures
          • Phenytoin
          • Phenobarbital
          • Carbamazepine
          • Valproate
          • Other AEDs
          • Special Situations
        • Prognosis
        • References
      • Developmental Disorders
        • Childhood-specific epilepsies with DD
          • Characteristics of Infantile Spasms
          • Developmental Delay and Infantile Spasms
          • Mechanisms of seizure-induced brain damage
            • Recurrent Seizures: Damage to the Developing Brain
            • Status Epilepticus : Damage to the Developing Brain
          • References
        • Mental Retardation and Cerebral Palsy
          • Characteristics of Seizures
          • Epidemiology of CP